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Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial task in intelligent education, focusing on predicting students' performance on given questions to trace their evolving knowledge. The advancement of deep learning in this field has led to deep-learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Jiajun Cui , Hong Qian , Bo Jiang , Wei Zhang

Knowledge tracing (KT) refers to the problem of predicting future learner performance given their past performance in educational applications. Recent developments in KT using flexible deep neural network-based models excel at this task.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Aritra Ghosh , Neil Heffernan , Andrew S. Lan

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to determine whether students will respond correctly to the next question, which is a crucial task in intelligent tutoring systems (ITS). In educational KT scenarios, transductive ID-based methods often face…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Lingyue Fu , Hao Guan , Kounianhua Du , Jianghao Lin , Wei Xia , Weinan Zhang , Ruiming Tang , Yasheng Wang , Yong Yu

With the recent surge in personalized learning, Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) that can accurately track students' individual knowledge states and provide tailored learning paths based on this information are in demand as an essential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Wonbeen Lee , Channyoung Lee , Junho Sohn , Hansam Cho

In the rapidly advancing realm of educational technology, it becomes critical to accurately trace and understand student knowledge states. Conventional Knowledge Tracing (KT) models have mainly focused on binary responses (i.e., correct and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Soonwook Park , Donghoon Lee , Hogun Park

Programming Knowledge Tracing (PKT) has recently advanced through hybrid approaches that integrate attention-based feature modeling for code representation with RNN-based sequential prediction. While these models report strong empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Jaewook Kim , Hyeoncheol Kim

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a fundamental technology in intelligent tutoring systems used to simulate changes in students' knowledge state during learning, track personalized knowledge mastery, and predict performance. However, current KT…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Jiahui Cen , Jianghao Lin , Weixuan Zhong , Dong Zhou , Jin Chen , Aimin Yang , Yongmei Zhou

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict a student's future performance based on their sequence of interactions with learning content. Many KT models rely on knowledge concepts (KCs), which represent the skills required for each item.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Yahya Badran , Christine Preisach

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to estimate a student's evolving knowledge state and predict their performance on new exercises based on performance history. Many realistic classroom settings for KT are typically low-resource in data and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xinyi Gao , Qiucheng Wu , Yang Zhang , Xuechen Liu , Kaizhi Qian , Ying Xu , Shiyu Chang

Knowledge tracing (KT), aiming to mine students' mastery of knowledge by their exercise records and predict their performance on future test questions, is a critical task in educational assessment. While researchers achieved tremendous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Haoxuan Li , Jifan Yu , Yuanxin Ouyang , Zhuang Liu , Wenge Rong , Juanzi Li , Zhang Xiong

The field of Knowledge Tracing aims to understand how students learn and master knowledge over time by analyzing their historical behaviour data. To achieve this goal, many researchers have proposed Knowledge Tracing models that use data…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Zhaoxing Li , Jujie Yang , Jindi Wang , Lei Shi , Sebastian Stein

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to model a student's learning state over time and predict their future performance. However, traditional KT methods often face challenges in explainability, scalability, and effective modeling of complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Runze Li , Siyu Wu , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang

Knowledge tracing (KT) is the task of using students' historical learning interaction data to model their knowledge mastery over time so as to make predictions on their future interaction performance. Recently, remarkable progress has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Zitao Liu , Qiongqiong Liu , Jiahao Chen , Shuyan Huang , Jiliang Tang , Weiqi Luo

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is crucial in education assessment, which focuses on depicting students' learning states and assessing students' mastery of subjects. With the rise of modern online learning platforms, particularly massive open online…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Weihua Cheng , Hanwen Du , Chunxiao Li , Ersheng Ni , Liangdi Tan , Tianqi Xu , Yongxin Ni

Personalized instruction aims to provide learners with support that adapts to their individual knowledge and progress toward learning objectives. Discovering and tracing Knowledge Components (KCs) is an important step in building accurate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Muntasir Hoq , Griffin Pitts , Tirth Bhatt , Aum Pandya , Andrew Lan , Peter Brusilovsky , Bita Akram

In the realm of Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), the accurate assessment of students' knowledge states through Knowledge Tracing (KT) is crucial for personalized learning. However, due to data bias, $\textit{i.e.}$, the unbalanced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yiyun Zhou , Zheqi Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Jingyuan Chen

The Knowledge Tracing (KT) task focuses on predicting a learner's future performance based on the historical interactions. The knowledge state plays a key role in learning process. However, considering that the knowledge state is influenced…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Shanshan Wang , Xueying Zhang , Keyang Wang , Xun Yang , Xingyi Zhang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a research field that aims to estimate a student's knowledge state through learning interactions-a crucial component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs). Despite significant advancements, no current KT models…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Yongwan Cho , Rabia Emhamed AlMamlook , Tasnim Gharaibeh

Knowledge Tracing (KT) serves as a fundamental component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), enabling these systems to monitor and understand learners' progress by modeling their knowledge state. However, many existing KT models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Jing Xiao , Chang You , Zhiyu Chen

The knowledge tracing (KT) problem is an extremely important topic in personalized education, which aims to predict whether students can correctly answer the next question based on their past question-answer records. Prior work on this task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Ziwei Wang , Jie Zhou , Qin Chen , Min Zhang , Bo Jiang , Aimin Zhou , Qinchun Bai , Liang He