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Class imbalance is a common challenge in many NLP tasks, and has clear connections to bias, in that bias in training data often leads to higher accuracy for majority groups at the expense of minority groups. However there has traditionally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Shivashankar Subramanian , Afshin Rahimi , Timothy Baldwin , Trevor Cohn , Lea Frermann

Class imbalance is a common problem in the case of real-world object detection and classification tasks. Data of some classes is abundant making them an over-represented majority, and data of other classes is scarce, making them an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-03-24 Salman H. Khan , Munawar Hayat , Mohammed Bennamoun , Ferdous Sohel , Roberto Togneri

In this paper we address imbalanced binary classification (IBC) tasks. Applying resampling strategies to balance the class distribution of training instances is a common approach to tackle these problems. Many state-of-the-art methods find…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Vitor Cerqueira , Luis Torgo , Paula Branco , Colin Bellinger

The purpose of this research report is to present the our learning curve and the exposure to the Machine Learning life cycle, with the use of a Kaggle binary classification data set and taking to explore various techniques from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Mohamed Hamama

The vast majority of statistical theory on binary classification characterizes performance in terms of accuracy. However, accuracy is known in many cases to poorly reflect the practical consequences of classification error, most famously in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-09-27 Shashank Singh , Justin Khim

Class imbalance is a common challenge in real-world recognition tasks, where the majority of classes have few samples, also known as tail classes. We address this challenge with the perspective of generalization and empirically find that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Yixuan Zhou , Yi Qu , Xing Xu , Hengtao Shen

The vast majority of real world classification problems are imbalanced, meaning there are far fewer data from the class of interest (the positive class) than from other classes. We propose two machine learning algorithms to handle highly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-06-10 Siong Thye Goh , Cynthia Rudin

Imbalanced learning remains a fundamental challenge in tabular data applications. Despite decades of research and numerous proposed algorithms, a systematic empirical understanding of how different imbalanced learning methods behave across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Ruizhe Liu , Jiaqi Luo

Learning classifiers using skewed or imbalanced datasets can occasionally lead to classification issues; this is a serious issue. In some cases, one class contains the majority of examples while the other, which is frequently the more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Satyendra Singh Rawat , Amit Kumar Mishra

Class distribution skews in imbalanced datasets may lead to models with prediction bias towards majority classes, making fair assessment of classifiers a challenging task. Metrics such as Balanced Accuracy are commonly used to evaluate a…

Resilience to class imbalance and confounding biases, together with the assurance of fairness guarantees are highly desirable properties of autonomous decision-making systems with real-life impact. Many different targeted solutions have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Elisa Ferrari , Davide Bacciu

Imbalanced learning (IL), i.e., learning unbiased models from class-imbalanced data, is a challenging problem. Typical IL methods including resampling and reweighting were designed based on some heuristic assumptions. They often suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Zhining Liu , Pengfei Wei , Jing Jiang , Wei Cao , Jiang Bian , Yi Chang

Class imbalance, where certain classes have insufficient data, poses a critical challenge for robust classification, often biasing models toward majority classes. Distribution calibration offers a promising avenue to address this by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Priyobrata Mondal , Faizanuddin Ansari , Swagatam Das

Long-tailed classification poses a challenge due to its heavy imbalance in class probabilities and tail-sensitivity risks with asymmetric misprediction costs. Recent attempts have used re-balancing loss and ensemble methods, but they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Bolian Li , Ruqi Zhang

With the rapid growth of memory and computing power, datasets are becoming increasingly complex and imbalanced. This is especially severe in the context of clinical data, where there may be one rare event for many cases in the majority…

Online continual learning is a challenging problem where models must learn from a non-stationary data stream while avoiding catastrophic forgetting. Inter-class imbalance during training has been identified as a major cause of forgetting,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Zhehao Huang , Tao Li , Chenhe Yuan , Yingwen Wu , Xiaolin Huang

Imbalanced data are frequently encountered in real-world classification tasks. Previous works on imbalanced learning mostly focused on learning with a minority class of few samples. However, the notion of imbalance also applies to cases…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Yin Jin , Ningtao Wang , Ruofan Wu , Pengfei Shi , Xing Fu , Weiqiang Wang

For over two decades, detecting rare events has been a challenging task among researchers in the data mining and machine learning domain. Real-life problems inspire researchers to navigate and further improve data processing and algorithmic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Elaheh Jafarigol , Theodore Trafalis , Neshat Mohammadi

Class imbalance poses a significant challenge to supervised classification, particularly in critical domains like medical diagnostics and anomaly detection where minority class instances are rare. While numerous studies have explored…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Ali Nawaz , Amir Ahmad , Shehroz S. Khan

Due to the inherent imbalance in real-world datasets, na\"ive Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) tends to bias the learning process towards the majority classes, hindering generalization to minority classes. To rebalance the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Zitai Wang , Qianqian Xu , Zhiyong Yang , Zhikang Xu , Linchao Zhang , Xiaochun Cao , Qingming Huang