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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities to solve problems requiring multiple reasoning steps, yet the internal mechanisms enabling such capabilities remain elusive. Unlike existing surveys that primarily focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Liangming Pan , Jason Liang , Jiaran Ye , Minglai Yang , Xinyuan Lu , Fengbin Zhu

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced their ability to perform complex reasoning tasks, transitioning from fast and intuitive thinking (System 1) to slow and deep reasoning (System 2). While System…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Rui Wang , Hongru Wang , Boyang Xue , Jianhui Pang , Shudong Liu , Yi Chen , Jiahao Qiu , Derek Fai Wong , Heng Ji , Kam-Fai Wong

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has significantly impacted various domains, including natural language processing (NLP) and image generation, by making complex computational tasks more accessible. While LLMs demonstrate impressive…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ananya Rahaman , Anny Zheng , Mostafa Milani , Fei Chiang , Rachel Pottinger

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated multilingual capabilities, yet they are mostly English-centric due to the imbalanced training corpora. While prior works have leveraged this bias to enhance multilingual performance through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Chaoqun Liu , Wenxuan Zhang , Yiran Zhao , Anh Tuan Luu , Lidong Bing

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have made reasoning a central benchmark for evaluating intelligence. While prior surveys focus on efficiency by examining how to shorten reasoning chains or reduce computation, this view…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Chao Wu , Baoheng Li , Mingchen Gao , Yu Tian , Zhenyi Wang

Large Language Model (LLM) has gained popularity and achieved remarkable results in open-domain tasks, but its performance in real industrial domain-specific scenarios is average due to its lack of specific domain knowledge. This issue has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Fangkai Yang , Pu Zhao , Zezhong Wang , Lu Wang , Jue Zhang , Mohit Garg , Qingwei Lin , Saravan Rajmohan , Dongmei Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored as general-purpose reasoners, particularly in agentic contexts. However, their outputs remain prone to mathematical and logical errors. This is especially challenging in open-ended…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Agnieszka Mensfelt , Kostas Stathis , Vince Trencsenyi

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve strong performance on mathematical reasoning tasks, often attributed to their capability to generate explicit chain-of-thought (CoT) explanations. However, recent work shows that LRMs often arrive at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yihong Liu , Raoyuan Zhao , Hinrich Schütze , Michael A. Hedderich

While large language models (LLMs) are still being adopted to new domains and utilized in novel applications, we are experiencing an influx of the new generation of foundation models, namely multi-modal large language models (MLLMs). These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Kian Ahrabian , Zhivar Sourati , Kexuan Sun , Jiarui Zhang , Yifan Jiang , Fred Morstatter , Jay Pujara

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in situations where human values are at stake, such as decision-making tasks that involve reasoning when performed by humans. We investigate the so-called reasoning capabilities of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Nathaniël de Leeuw , Marceau Nahon , Mathis Reymond , Raja Chatila , Mehdi Khamassi

Language serves as a vehicle for conveying thought, enabling communication among individuals. The ability to distinguish between diverse concepts, identify fairness and injustice, and comprehend a range of legal notions fundamentally relies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Ha-Thanh Nguyen , Wachara Fungwacharakorn , Ken Satoh

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various tasks but often fail to handle queries that exceed their knowledge and capabilities, leading to incorrect or fabricated responses. This paper addresses the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Wenbo Zhang , Zihang Xu , Hengrui Cai

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained via Reinforcement Learning (RL) have recently achieved impressive results on reasoning benchmarks. Yet, growing evidence shows that these models often generate longer but ineffective chains of thought…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Jhouben Cuesta-Ramirez , Samuel Beaussant , Mehdi Mounsif

Large language models (LLMs) have proven to be highly effective for solving complex reasoning tasks. Surprisingly, their capabilities can often be improved by iterating on previously generated solutions. In this context, a reasoning plan…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 MohammadHossein Bateni , Vincent Cohen-Addad , Yuzhou Gu , Silvio Lattanzi , Simon Meierhans , Christopher Mohri

Recently, significant efforts have been devoted to enhancing the long-context capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in long-context reasoning. To facilitate this research, we propose \textbf{DetectiveQA}, a dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Zhe Xu , Jiasheng Ye , Xiaoran Liu , Xiangyang Liu , Tianxiang Sun , Zhigeng Liu , Qipeng Guo , Linlin Li , Qun Liu , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable ability in various language tasks, especially with their emergent in-context learning capability. Extending LLMs to incorporate visual inputs, large vision-language models (LVLMs) have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Aneesh Komanduri , Karuna Bhaila , Xintao Wu

Long-context language models (LCLMs), characterized by their extensive context window, are becoming popular. However, despite the fact that they are nearly perfect at standard long-context retrieval tasks, our evaluations demonstrate they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Yijiong Yu , Yongfeng Huang , Zhixiao Qi , Wei Wang , Weifeng Liu , Ran Chen , Ji Pei

Cognitive systems generally require a human to translate a problem definition into some specification that the cognitive system can use to attempt to solve the problem or perform the task. In this paper, we illustrate that large language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Robert E. Wray , James R. Kirk , John E. Laird

The potential for Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate new information offers a potential step change for research and innovation. This is challenging to assert as it can be difficult to determine what an LLM has previously seen during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Thomas Greatrix , Roger Whitaker , Liam Turner , Walter Colombo

Large language models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress in a wide range of natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, their ability to generate counterfactuals has not been examined systematically. To bridge this gap,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Yongqi Li , Mayi Xu , Xin Miao , Shen Zhou , Tieyun Qian
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