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While large language models excel on high-resource multilingual tasks, low- and extremely low-resource Indic languages remain severely under-evaluated. We present IndicParam, a human-curated benchmark of over 13,000 multiple-choice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ayush Maheshwari , Kaushal Sharma , Vivek Patel , Aditya Maheshwari

Assessing the capabilities and limitations of large language models (LLMs) has garnered significant interest, yet the evaluation of multiple models in real-world scenarios remains rare. Multilingual evaluation often relies on translated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Varun Gumma , Ananditha Raghunath , Mohit Jain , Sunayana Sitaram

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform well on unseen tasks in English, but their abilities in non English languages are less explored due to limited benchmarks and training data. To bridge this gap, we introduce the Indic QA Benchmark, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Abhishek Kumar Singh , Vishwajeet kumar , Rudra Murthy , Jaydeep Sen , Ashish Mittal , Ganesh Ramakrishnan

Language modeling has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, with Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT setting unparalleled benchmarks in human-like text generation. However, a prevailing limitation is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Abhinand Balachandran

Multimodal research has predominantly focused on single-image reasoning, with limited exploration of multi-image scenarios. Recent models have sought to enhance multi-image understanding through large-scale pretraining on interleaved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Shaharukh Khan , Ali Faraz , Abhinav Ravi , Mohd Nauman , Mohd Sarfraz , Akshat Patidar , Raja Kolla , Chandra Khatri , Shubham Agarwal

This report evaluates the performance of text-in text-out Large Language Models (LLMs) to understand and generate Indic languages. This evaluation is used to identify and prioritize Indic languages suited for inclusion in safety benchmarks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Aatman Vaidya , Tarunima Prabhakar , Denny George , Swair Shah

Multilingual Large Language Models (MLLMs) represent a pivotal advancement in democratizing artificial intelligence across linguistic boundaries. While theoretical foundations are well-established, practical implementation guidelines remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Junhua Liu , Bin Fu

The effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) depends heavily on the availability of high-quality post-training data, particularly instruction-tuning and preference-based examples. Existing open-source datasets, however, often lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Neel Prabhanjan Rachamalla , Aravind Konakalla , Gautam Rajeev , Ashish Kulkarni , Chandra Khatri , Shubham Agarwal

In the context of pretraining of Large Language Models (LLMs), synthetic data has emerged as an alternative for generating high-quality pretraining data at scale. This is particularly beneficial in low-resource language settings where the…

While automatic metrics drive progress in Machine Translation (MT) and Text Summarization (TS), existing metrics have been developed and validated almost exclusively for English and other high-resource languages. This narrow focus leaves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Amir Hossein Yari , Kalmit Kulkarni , Ahmad Raza Khan , Fajri Koto

Long-context question answering (QA) over literary texts poses significant challenges for modern large language models, particularly in low-resource languages. We address the scarcity of long-context QA resources for Indic languages by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Aarya Khandelwal , Ritwik Mishra , Rajiv Ratn Shah

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable fluency across high-resource languages yet consistently fail to generate coherent text in Kashmiri, a language spoken by approximately seven million people. This performance disparity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Haq Nawaz Malik

India's linguistic diversity presents both opportunities and challenges for fintech platforms. While the country has 31 major languages and over 100 minor ones, only 10\% of the population understands English, creating barriers to financial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Bharatdeep Hazarika , Arya Suneesh , Prasanna Devadiga , Pawan Kumar Rajpoot , Anshuman B Suresh , Ahmed Ifthaquar Hussain

Developing a high-performing large language models (LLMs) for low-resource languages such as Urdu, present several challenges. These challenges include the scarcity of high-quality datasets, multilingual inconsistencies, and safety…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Muhammad Ali Shafique , Kanwal Mehreen , Muhammad Arham , Maaz Amjad , Sabur Butt , Hamza Farooq

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in a wide range of tasks. However, many LLMs exhibit significant performance discrepancies between high- and low-resource languages. To mitigate this challenge, we present FuxiTranyu,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Haoran Sun , Renren Jin , Shaoyang Xu , Leiyu Pan , Supryadi , Menglong Cui , Jiangcun Du , Yikun Lei , Lei Yang , Ling Shi , Juesi Xiao , Shaolin Zhu , Deyi Xiong

The development of robust language models for low-resource languages is frequently bottlenecked by the scarcity of high-quality, coherent, and domain-appropriate training corpora. In this paper, we introduce the Multilingual TinyStories…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Deepon Halder , Angira Mukherjee

The dominance of large multilingual foundation models has widened linguistic inequalities in Natural Language Processing (NLP), often leaving low-resource languages underrepresented. This paper introduces LilMoo, a 0.6-billion-parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Shiza Fatimah , Aniket Sen , Sophia Falk , Florian Mai , Lucie Flek , Nicholas Kluge Corrêa

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multilingual applications but often generate plausible yet incorrect or misleading outputs, known as hallucinations. While hallucination detection has been studied extensively in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Hrishikesh Terdalkar , Kirtan Bhojani , Aryan Dongare , Omm Aditya Behera

We introduce DRISHTIKON, a first-of-its-kind multimodal and multilingual benchmark centered exclusively on Indian culture, designed to evaluate the cultural understanding of generative AI systems. Unlike existing benchmarks with a generic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Arijit Maji , Raghvendra Kumar , Akash Ghosh , Anushka , Nemil Shah , Abhilekh Borah , Vanshika Shah , Nishant Mishra , Sriparna Saha