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The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) is highly sensitive to the prompts they are given. Drawing inspiration from the field of prompt optimization, this study investigates the potential for enhancing Automated Essay Scoring (AES)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Keno Harada , Lui Yoshida , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Assessing soft skills such as empathy, ethical judgment, and communication is essential in competitive selection processes, yet human scoring is often inconsistent and biased. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have improved Automated Essay…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ryan Huynh , Frank Guerin , Alison Callwood

Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) is a well-established educational pursuit that employs machine learning to evaluate student-authored essays. While much effort has been made in this area, current research primarily focuses on either (i)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Kaixun Yang , Mladen Raković , Yuyang Li , Quanlong Guan , Dragan Gašević , Guanliang Chen

The use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) for Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has been well explored in the English language, with benchmark models exhibiting performance comparable to human scorers. However, AES in Hindi and other…

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has brought a new paradigm to automated essay scoring (AES), a long-standing and practical application of natural language processing in education. However, achieving human-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Jinhee Jang , Ayoung Moon , Minkyoung Jung , YoungBin Kim , Seung Jin Lee

Large language models (LLMs), renowned for their powerful conversational abilities, are widely recognized as exceptional tools in the field of education, particularly in the context of automated intelligent instruction systems for language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Kaiqi Fu , Linkai Peng , Nan Yang , Shuran Zhou

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable success across a variety of tasks. However, their potential in the domain of Automated Essay Scoring (AES) remains largely underexplored. Moreover, compared to English data,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Yida Cai , Kun Liang , Sanwoo Lee , Qinghan Wang , Yunfang Wu

Research on holistic Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is long-dated; yet, there is a notable lack of attention for assessing essays according to individual traits. In this work, we propose TRATES, a novel trait-specific and rubric-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Sohaila Eltanbouly , Salam Albatarni , Tamer Elsayed

Automated Essay Score (AES) is proven to be one of the cutting-edge technologies. Scoring techniques are used for various purposes. Reliable scores are calculated based on influential variables. Such variables can be computed by different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Bagiya Lakshmi S , Sanjjushri Varshini R , Rohith Mahadevan , Raja CSP Raman

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has been explored for decades with the goal to support teachers by reducing grading workload and mitigating subjective biases. While early systems relied on handcrafted features and statistical models, recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Jonas Kubesch , Lena Huber , Clemens Havas

Automated Essay Scoring systems have traditionally focused on holistic scores, limiting their pedagogical usefulness, especially in the case of complex essay genres such as argumentative writing. In educational contexts, teachers and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Lucile Favero , Juan Antonio Pérez-Ortiz , Tanja Käser , Nuria Oliver

Despite the growing promise of large language models (LLMs) in automated essay scoring (AES), empirical findings regarding their reliability compared to human raters remain mixed. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we synthesized 65…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Hongli Li , Che Han Chen , Kevin Fan , Chiho Young-Johnson , Soyoung Lim , Yali Feng

We evaluate the effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in assessing essay quality, focusing on their alignment with human grading. More precisely, we evaluate ChatGPT and Llama in the Automated Essay Scoring (AES) task, a crucial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Anindita Kundu , Denilson Barbosa

Advances in automated essay scoring (AES) have traditionally relied on labeled essays, requiring tremendous cost and expertise for their acquisition. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have achieved great success in various tasks, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Sanwoo Lee , Yida Cai , Desong Meng , Ziyang Wang , Yunfang Wu

This study addresses critical gaps in Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems and Large Language Models (LLMs) with regard to their ability to effectively identify and score harmful essays. Despite advancements in AES technology, current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Hongjin Kim , Jeonghyun Kang , Harksoo Kim

Recent advances in cross-prompt automated essay scoring (AES) typically train models jointly on all source prompts, often requiring additional access to unlabeled target prompt essays simultaneously. However, using all sources is suboptimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Sanwoo Lee , Kun Liang , Yunfang Wu

Automated essay scoring (AES) predicts multiple rubric-defined trait scores for each essay, where each trait follows an ordered discrete rating scale. Most LLM-based AES methods cast scoring as autoregressive token generation and obtain the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Han Zhang , Jiamin Su , Li liu

Automated essay scoring (AES) aims to score essays written for a given prompt, which defines the writing topic. Most existing AES systems assume to grade essays of the same prompt as used in training and assign only a holistic score.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Heejin Do , Yunsu Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Automated essay scoring (AES) research often relies on rank-based correlation metrics to validate analytic assessment. However, such metrics obscure both intrinsic intercorrelations among analytic dimensions that arise from the structure of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Stefano Bannò , Kate Knill , Mark Gales

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) plays a crucial role in assessing language learners' writing quality, reducing grading workload, and providing real-time feedback. The lack of annotated essay datasets inhibits the development of Arabic AES…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Chatrine Qwaider , Bashar Alhafni , Kirill Chirkunov , Nizar Habash , Ted Briscoe