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The Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) model governs the electrostatics of solvated biomolecules, i.e., potential, field, energy, and force. These quantities can provide useful information about protein properties, functions, and dynamics. By…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-29 Xin Yang , Elyssa Sliheet , Reece Iriye , Daniel Reynolds , Weihua Geng

The size-modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation (SMPBE) is one important variant of the popular dielectric model, the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE), to reflect ionic size effects in the prediction of electrostatics for a biomolecule in an…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-10-21 Jinyong Ying , Dexuan Xie

Electrostatics is of paramount importance to chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine. The Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory is a primary model for electrostatic analysis. However, it is highly challenging to compute accurate PB electrostatic…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-12-20 Jiahui Chen , Yongjia Xu , Xin Yang , Zixuan Cang , Weihua Geng , Guo-Wei Wei

In numerical simulations of many charged systems at the micro/nano scale, a common theme is the repeated solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. This task proves challenging, if not entirely infeasible, largely due to the nonlinearity…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-08-29 Lijie Ji , Yanlai Chen , Zhenli Xu

The Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver (APBS) software was developed to solve the equations of continuum electrostatics for large biomolecular assemblages that has provided impact in the study of a broad range of chemical, biological, and…

The accurate determination of electron properties is fundamental to low-temperature plasma simulations, necessitating precise solutions to the spatially inhomogeneous electron Boltzmann equation (EBE). This work explores the use of…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Ihda Chaerony Siffa , Detlef Loffhagen , Markus M. Becker , Jan Trieschmann

We consider a class of nonlinear elliptic problems associated with models in biophysics, which are described by the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE). We prove mathematical correctness of the problem, study a suitable class of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-12-15 Johannes Kraus , Svetoslav Nakov , Sergey Repin

The Poisson-Fermi model is an extension of the classical Poisson-Boltzmann model to include the steric and correlation effects of ions and water treated as nonuniform spheres in aqueous solutions. Poisson-Boltzmann electrostatic…

Computational Physics · Physics 2018-07-04 Jen-Hao Chen , Ren-Chuen Chen , Jinn-Liang Liu

A widely used electrostatics model in the biomolecular modeling community, the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation, along with its finite element approximation, are analyzed in this paper. A regularized Poisson-Boltzmann equation is…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2010-01-12 Long Chen , Michael Holst , Jinchao Xu

In this article we study adaptive finite element methods (AFEM) with inexact solvers for a class of semilinear elliptic interface problems. We are particularly interested in nonlinear problems with discontinuous diffusion coefficients, such…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-08-24 Michael Holst , Ryan Szypowski , Yunrong Zhu

Elliptic Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) play a central role in computing the equilibrium conditions of physical problems (heat, gravitation, electrostatics, etc.). Efficient solutions to elliptic PDEs are also relevant to computer…

Graphics · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Zhiyuan Zhang , Amir Vaxman , Stefanos-Aldo Papanicolopulos , Kartic Subr

Implicit-solvent models are widely used to study the electrostatics in dissolved biomolecules, which are parameterized using force fields. Standard force fields treat the charge distribution with point charges, however, other force fields…

Computational Physics · Physics 2018-10-10 Christopher D. Cooper

Biomolecular electrostatics is key in protein function and the chemical processes affecting it. Implicit-solvent models via the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation provide insights with less computational cost than atomistic models, making…

Computational Physics · Physics 2022-12-27 Tingyu Wang , Christopher D. Cooper , Timo Betcke , Lorena A. Barba

The Poisson-Boltzmann equation offers an efficient way to study electrostatics in molecular settings. Its numerical solution with the boundary element method is widely used, as the complicated molecular surface is accurately represented by…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-08-25 Stefan D. Search , Christopher D. Cooper , Elwin van't Wout

In this article, we develop goal-oriented error indicators to drive adaptive refinement algorithms for the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Empirical results for the solvation free energy linear functional demonstrate that goal-oriented…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2011-09-20 Burak Aksoylu , Stephen Bond , Eric Cyr , Michael Holst

We study finite-difference approximations of both Poisson and Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) electrostatic energy functionals for periodic structures constrained by Gauss' law and a class of local algorithms for minimizing the finite-difference…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-09-25 Bo Li , Qian Yin , Shenggao Zhou

The Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation provides a mean-field theory of electrolyte solutions at interfaces and in confinement, describing how ions reorganize close to charged surfaces to form the so-called electrical double layer (EDL), with…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2024-09-10 Cecilia Herrero , Laurent Joly

We prove the existence and uniqueness of the complexified Nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann Equation (nPBE) in a bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^3$. The nPBE is a model equation in nonlinear electrostatics. The standard convex optimization argument…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-06-11 Brian Choi , Jie Xu , Trevor Norton , Mark Kon , Julio E. Castrillon-Candas

This work further improves the pseudo-transient approach for the Poisson Boltzmann equation (PBE) in the electrostatic analysis of solvated biomolecules. The numerical solution of the nonlinear PBE is known to involve many difficulties,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-12-01 Benjamin Jones , Sheik Ahmed Ullah , Siwen Wang , Shan Zhao

The Poisson--Boltzmann equation is widely used to model electrostatics in molecular systems. Available software packages solve it using finite difference, finite element, and boundary element methods, where the latter is attractive due to…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-12-24 Michal Bosy , Matthew W. Scroggs , Timo Betcke , Erik Burman , Christopher D. Cooper