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Many positional encodings (PEs) are designed to exhibit long-term decay, based on an entrenched and long-standing inductive opinion: tokens farther away from the current position carry less relevant information. We argue that long-term…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Yuhan Chen , Ang Lv , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Wei Liu

Sequential recommendation task aims to predict user preference over items in the future given user historical behaviors. The order of user behaviors implies that there are resourceful sequential patterns embedded in the behavior history…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Jiarui Qin , Kan Ren , Yuchen Fang , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

Attribute-aware sequential recommendation entails predicting the next item a user will interact with based on a chronologically ordered history of past interactions, enriched with item attributes. Existing methods typically leverage…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Shereen Elsayed , Ngoc Son Le , Ahmed Rashed , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

Top-$N$ sequential recommendation models each user as a sequence of items interacted in the past and aims to predict top-$N$ ranked items that a user will likely interact in a `near future'. The order of interaction implies that sequential…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-09-21 Jiaxi Tang , Ke Wang

Sequential Recommendation (SeqRec) aims to predict the next item by capturing sequential patterns from users' historical interactions, playing a crucial role in many real-world recommender systems. However, existing approaches predominantly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Jiakai Tang , Sunhao Dai , Teng Shi , Jun Xu , Xu Chen , Wen Chen , Jian Wu , Yuning Jiang

Session-based Recommendation (SBR) refers to the task of predicting the next item based on short-term user behaviors within an anonymous session. However, session embedding learned by a non-linear encoder is usually not in the same…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Yupeng Hou , Binbin Hu , Zhiqiang Zhang , Wayne Xin Zhao

When users interact with Recommender Systems (RecSys), current situations, such as time, location, and environment, significantly influence their preferences. Situations serve as the background for interactions, where relationships between…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Jiayu Li , Peijie Sun , Chumeng Jiang , Weizhi Ma , Qingyao Ai , Min Zhang

Sequential Recommendation (SR) aims to predict the next interaction of a user based on their behavior sequence, where complementary relations often provide essential signals for predicting the next item. However, mainstream models relying…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Qian Zhang , Lech Szymanski , Haibo Zhang , Jeremiah D. Deng

Deep learning-based language models have achieved state-of-the-art results in a number of applications including sentiment analysis, topic labelling, intent classification and others. Obtaining text representations or embeddings using these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Richard Plant , Dimitra Gkatzia , Valerio Giuffrida

An important aspect subtending language understanding and production is the ability to independently encode positional and symbolic information of the words within a sentence. In Transformers, positional information is typically encoded…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Felipe Urrutia , Jorge Salas , Alexander Kozachinskiy , Cristian Buc Calderon , Hector Pasten , Cristobal Rojas

Lifelong user behavior sequences are crucial for capturing user interests and predicting user responses in modern recommendation systems. A two-stage paradigm is typically adopted to handle these long sequences: a subset of relevant…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Ningya Feng , Junwei Pan , Jialong Wu , Baixu Chen , Ximei Wang , Qian Li , Xian Hu , Jie Jiang , Mingsheng Long

Since self-attention layers in Transformers are permutation invariant by design, positional encodings must be explicitly incorporated to enable spatial understanding. However, fixed-size lookup tables used in traditional learnable position…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Huayang Li , Yahui Liu , Hongyu Sun , Deng Cai , Leyang Cui , Wei Bi , Peilin Zhao , Taro Watanabe

Position encoding (PE), an essential part of self-attention networks (SANs), is used to preserve the word order information for natural language processing tasks, generating fixed position indices for input sequences. However, in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Liang Ding , Longyue Wang , Dacheng Tao

Sequential recommendation demonstrates the capability to recommend items by modeling the sequential behavior of users. Traditional methods typically treat users as sequences of items, overlooking the collaborative relationships among them.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Sijia Liu , Jiahao Liu , Hansu Gu , Dongsheng Li , Tun Lu , Peng Zhang , Ning Gu

Positional Encodings (PEs) are a critical component of Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs), providing the attention mechanism with important sequence-position information. One of the most popular types of encoding used today in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Federico Barbero , Alex Vitvitskyi , Christos Perivolaropoulos , Razvan Pascanu , Petar Veličković

Session-based Recommendation (SR) aims to predict the next item for recommendation based on previously recorded sessions of user interaction. The majority of existing approaches to SR focus on modeling the transition patterns of items. In…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Jiahao Yuan , Wendi Ji , Dell Zhang , Jinwei Pan , Xiaoling Wang

Without positional information, attention-based Transformer neural networks are permutation-invariant. Absolute or relative positional embeddings are the most popular ways to feed Transformer models with positional information. Absolute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Tatiana Likhomanenko , Qiantong Xu , Gabriel Synnaeve , Ronan Collobert , Alex Rogozhnikov

In this paper, we propose a novel deep architecture tailored for 3D point cloud applications, named as SPE-Net. The embedded ``Selective Position Encoding (SPE)'' procedure relies on an attention mechanism that can effectively attend to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Zhaofan Qiu , Yehao Li , Yu Wang , Yingwei Pan , Ting Yao , Tao Mei

Category-agnostic pose estimation (CAPE) aims to predict keypoints for arbitrary classes given a few support images annotated with keypoints. Existing methods only rely on the features extracted at support keypoints to predict or refine the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Junjie Chen , Jiebin Yan , Yuming Fang , Li Niu

The revolution of World Wide Web (WWW) and smart-phone technologies have been the key-factor behind remarkable success of social networks. With the ease of availability of check-in data, the location-based social networks (LBSN) (e.g.,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-03-06 Ramesh Baral , Tao Li , XiaoLong Zhu