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Large language models (LLMs) excel in abstractive summarization tasks, delivering fluent and pertinent summaries. Recent advancements have extended their capabilities to handle long-input contexts, exceeding 100k tokens. However, in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Mathieu Ravaut , Aixin Sun , Nancy F. Chen , Shafiq Joty

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising approach to mitigate hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs) for legal applications, but its reliability is critically dependent on the accuracy of the retrieval step. This is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Markus Reuter , Tobias Lingenberg , Rūta Liepiņa , Francesca Lagioia , Marco Lippi , Giovanni Sartor , Andrea Passerini , Burcu Sayin

Information retrieval systems have traditionally optimized for topical relevance-the degree to which retrieved documents match a query. However, relevance only approximates a deeper goal: utility, namely, whether retrieved information helps…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Hengran Zhang , Minghao Tang , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo

This paper explores the impact of context selection on the efficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) in generating Artificial Intelligence (AI) research leaderboards, a task defined as the extraction of (Task, Dataset, Metric, Score)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Salomon Kabongo , Jennifer D'Souza , Sören Auer

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to evolve, more are being designed to handle long-context inputs. Despite this advancement, most of them still face challenges in accurately handling long-context tasks, often showing the "lost in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Yijiong Yu , Yongfeng Huang , Zhixiao Qi , Zhe Zhou

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves Large Language Models (LLMs) by retrieving supporting documents into the prompt, but existing methods do not explicitly target queries that require fetching multiple documents with substantially…

We study reinforcement learning (RL) fine-tuning of large language model (LLM) agents for long-horizon multi-turn tool use, where context length quickly becomes a fundamental bottleneck. Existing RL pipelines can suffer from degraded…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Miao Lu , Weiwei Sun , Weihua Du , Zhan Ling , Xuesong Yao , Kang Liu , Jiecao Chen

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) aims to augment the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by retrieving and incorporate external documents or chunks prior to generation. However, even improved retriever relevance can brings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Sha Li , Naren Ramakrishnan

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become a cornerstone of contemporary NLP, enhancing large language models (LLMs) by allowing them to access richer factual contexts through in-context retrieval. While effective in monolingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Leonardo Ranaldi , Barry Haddow , Alexandra Birch

Retrieval Augmented Generation or RAG is the most popular pattern for modern Large Language Model or LLM applications. RAG involves taking a user query and finding relevant paragraphs of context in a large corpus typically captured in a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Dattaraj Rao

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by retrieving relevant document from external knowledge sources. By referencing this external knowledge, RAG effectively reduces the generation of factually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Zheng Zhang , Ning Li , Qi Liu , Rui Li , Weibo Gao , Qingyang Mao , Zhenya Huang , Baosheng Yu , Dacheng Tao

While holding great promise for improving and facilitating healthcare, large language models (LLMs) struggle to produce up-to-date responses on evolving topics due to outdated knowledge or hallucination. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Gongbo Zhang , Zihan Xu , Qiao Jin , Fangyi Chen , Yilu Fang , Yi Liu , Justin F. Rousseau , Ziyang Xu , Zhiyong Lu , Chunhua Weng , Yifan Peng

In traditional RAG framework, the basic retrieval units are normally short. The common retrievers like DPR normally work with 100-word Wikipedia paragraphs. Such a design forces the retriever to search over a large corpus to find the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Ziyan Jiang , Xueguang Ma , Wenhu Chen

This study introduces a system leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) to extract text and enhance user interaction with PDF documents via a conversational interface. Utilizing Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), the system provides…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Soham Roy , Mitul Goswami , Nisharg Nargund , Suneeta Mohanty , Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have yielded remarkable success across diverse fields. However, handling long contexts remains a significant challenge for LLMs due to the quadratic time and space complexity of attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Weijie Liu , Zecheng Tang , Juntao Li , Kehai Chen , Min Zhang

Despite the promise of Retrieval-Augmented Generation in grounding Multimodal Large Language Models with external knowledge, the transition to extensive contexts often leads to significant attention dilution and reasoning hallucinations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Junming Liu , Yuqi Li , Shiping Wen , Zhigang Zeng , Tingwen Huang

Reinforcement Learning has emerged as a key driver for LLM reasoning. This capability is equally pivotal in long-context scenarios--such as long-dialogue understanding and structured data analysis, where the challenge extends beyond…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Bowen Ping , Zijun Chen , Yiyao Yu , Tingfeng Hui , Junchi Yan , Baobao Chang

Large language models like ChatGPT are increasingly used in classrooms, but they often provide outdated or fabricated information that can mislead students. Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) improves reliability of LLMs by grounding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Amay Jain , Liu Cui , Si Chen

Generating high-quality answers consistently by providing contextual information embedded in the prompt passed to the Large Language Model (LLM) is dependent on the quality of information retrieval. As the corpus of contextual information…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Sai Ganesh , Anupam Purwar , Gautam B

Query expansion is the reformulation of a user query by adding semantically related information, and is an essential component of monolingual and cross-lingual information retrieval used to ensure that relevant documents are not missed.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Olivia Macmillan-Scott , Roksana Goworek , Eda B. Özyiğit