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Recently, Google announced the first demonstration of quantum computational supremacy with a programmable superconducting processor. Their demonstration is based on collecting samples from the output distribution of a noisy random quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-07 Scott Aaronson , Sam Gunn

Undesired coupling to the surrounding environment destroys long-range correlations on quantum processors and hinders the coherent evolution in the nominally available computational space. This incoherent noise is an outstanding challenge to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-07 A. Morvan , B. Villalonga , X. Mi , S. Mandrà , A. Bengtsson , P. V. Klimov , Z. Chen , S. Hong , C. Erickson , I. K. Drozdov , J. Chau , G. Laun , R. Movassagh , A. Asfaw , L. T. A. N. Brandão , R. Peralta , D. Abanin , R. Acharya , R. Allen , T. I. Andersen , K. Anderson , M. Ansmann , F. Arute , K. Arya , J. Atalaya , J. C. Bardin , A. Bilmes , G. Bortoli , A. Bourassa , J. Bovaird , L. Brill , M. Broughton , B. B. Buckley , D. A. Buell , T. Burger , B. Burkett , N. Bushnell , J. Campero , H. S. Chang , B. Chiaro , D. Chik , C. Chou , J. Cogan , R. Collins , P. Conner , W. Courtney , A. L. Crook , B. Curtin , D. M. Debroy , A. Del Toro Barba , S. Demura , A. Di Paolo , A. Dunsworth , L. Faoro , E. Farhi , R. Fatemi , V. S. Ferreira , L. Flores Burgos , E. Forati , A. G. Fowler , B. Foxen , G. Garcia , E. Genois , W. Giang , C. Gidney , D. Gilboa , M. Giustina , R. Gosula , A. Grajales Dau , J. A. Gross , S. Habegger , M. C. Hamilton , M. Hansen , M. P. Harrigan , S. D. Harrington , P. Heu , M. R. Hoffmann , T. Huang , A. Huff , W. J. Huggins , L. B. Ioffe , S. V. Isakov , J. Iveland , E. Jeffrey , Z. Jiang , C. Jones , P. Juhas , D. Kafri , T. Khattar , M. Khezri , M. Kieferová , S. Kim , A. Kitaev , A. R. Klots , A. N. Korotkov , F. Kostritsa , J. M. Kreikebaum , D. Landhuis , P. Laptev , K. -M. Lau , L. Laws , J. Lee , K. W. Lee , Y. D. Lensky , B. J. Lester , A. T. Lill , W. Liu , W. P. Livingston , A. Locharla , F. D. Malone , O. Martin , S. Martin , J. R. McClean , M. McEwen , K. C. Miao , A. Mieszala , S. Montazeri , W. Mruczkiewicz , O. Naaman , M. Neeley , C. Neill , A. Nersisyan , M. Newman , J. H. Ng , A. Nguyen , M. Nguyen , M. Yuezhen Niu , T. E. O'Brien , S. Omonije , A. Opremcak , A. Petukhov , R. Potter , L. P. Pryadko , C. Quintana , D. M. Rhodes , E. Rosenberg , C. Rocque , P. Roushan , N. C. Rubin , N. Saei , D. Sank , K. Sankaragomathi , K. J. Satzinger , H. F. Schurkus , C. Schuster , M. J. Shearn , A. Shorter , N. Shutty , V. Shvarts , V. Sivak , J. Skruzny , W. C. Smith , R. D. Somma , G. Sterling , D. Strain , M. Szalay , D. Thor , A. Torres , G. Vidal , C. Vollgraff Heidweiller , T. White , B. W. K. Woo , C. Xing , Z. J. Yao , P. Yeh , J. Yoo , G. Young , A. Zalcman , Y. Zhang , N. Zhu , N. Zobrist , E. G. Rieffel , R. Biswas , R. Babbush , D. Bacon , J. Hilton , E. Lucero , H. Neven , A. Megrant , J. Kelly , I. Aleiner , V. Smelyanskiy , K. Kechedzhi , Y. Chen , S. Boixo

Noise characterization methods such as randomized benchmarking (RB) are critical for the development of scalable quantum computers. Modern RB protocols for multiqubit systems extract physically relevant error rates by exploiting the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-15 Yale Fan , Riley Murray , Thaddeus D. Ladd , Kevin Young , Robin Blume-Kohout

We present universal properties of anticoncentration in weakly noisy quantum circuits at finite depth. We develop a generic framework for single- and multi-qubit noise channels in the weak-noise limit and introduce an effective description…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Arman Sauliere , Guglielmo Lami , Corentin Boyer , Jacopo De Nardis , Andrea De Luca

Randomized benchmarking provides a tool for obtaining precise quantitative estimates of the average error rate of a physical quantum channel. Here we define real randomized benchmarking, which enables a separate determination of the average…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-23 A. K. Hashagen , S. T. Flammia , D. Gross , J. J. Wallman

One of the main challenges in building a quantum processor is to characterize the environmental noise. Noise characterization can be achieved by exploiting different techniques, such as randomization where several sequences of random…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-04 Elena Ferraro , Marco De Michielis

The ability of a quantum computer to reproduce or replicate the results of a quantum circuit is a key concern for verifying and validating applications of quantum computing. Statistical variations in circuit outcomes that arise from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-05 Samudra Dasgupta , Travis S. Humble

Quantum computing devices require exceptional control of their experimental parameters to prepare quantum states and simulate other quantum systems. Classical optimization procedures used to find such optimal control parameters, have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 Matthew Duschenes , Juan Carrasquilla , Raymond Laflamme

Linear cross-entropy benchmarking (LXEB) with random quantum circuits is a standard method for evaluating quantum computers. However, LXEB requires classically simulating the ideal output distribution of a given quantum circuit with high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-24 Takumi Kaneda , Keisuke Fujii , Hiroshi Ueda

There is currently a significant need for robust and efficient methods for characterizing quantum devices. While there has been significant progress in this direction, there remains a crucial need to precisely determine the strength and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Arnaud Carignan-Dugas , Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

Randomized benchmarking (RB) refers to a collection of protocols that in the past decade have become central methods for characterizing quantum gates. These protocols aim at efficiently estimating the quality of a set of quantum gates in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-20 Jonas Helsen , Ingo Roth , Emilio Onorati , Albert H. Werner , Jens Eisert

Cross-entropy benchmarking (XEB) with single-qubit reference sequences is widely used to characterize multi-qubit gates in large-scale quantum processors, despite the lack of a rigorous theoretical justification. Here we show that the…

Certified randomness guaranteed to be unpredictable by adversaries is central to information security. The fundamental randomness inherent in quantum physics makes certification possible from devices that are only weakly characterised, i.e.…

Quantum machine learning is an emerging field at the intersection of machine learning and quantum computing. Classical cross entropy plays a central role in machine learning. We define its quantum generalization, the quantum cross entropy,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-25 Zhou Shangnan , Yixu Wang

Randomized benchmarking is a powerful technique to efficiently estimate the performance and reliability of quantum gates, circuits and devices. Here we propose to perform randomized benchmarking in a coherent way, where superpositions of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Jorge Miguel-Ramiro , Alexander Pirker , Wolfgang Dür

We present an accreditation protocol for the outputs of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. By testing entire circuits rather than individual gates, our accreditation protocol can provide an upper-bound on the variation distance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-21 Samuele Ferracin , Theodoros Kapourniotis , Animesh Datta

Any technology requires precise benchmarking of its components, and the quantum technologies are no exception. Randomized benchmarking allows for the relatively resource economical estimation of the average gate fidelity of quantum gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-14 E. Onorati , A. H. Werner , J. Eisert

We present a quantum circuit optimization technique that takes into account the variability in error rates that is inherent across present day noisy quantum computing platforms. This method can be run post qubit routing or post-compilation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-22 Paul D. Nation , Matthew Treinish

Randomized benchmarking (RB) is an efficient and robust method to characterize gate errors in quantum circuits. Averaging over random sequences of gates leads to estimates of gate errors in terms of the average fidelity. These estimates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-11 Jonas Helsen , Joel J. Wallman , Steven T. Flammia , Stephanie Wehner

Randomized benchmarking is a widely used experimental technique to characterize the average error of quantum operations. Benchmarking procedures that scale to enable characterization of $n$-qubit circuits rely on efficient procedures for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-20 Andrew W. Cross , Easwar Magesan , Lev S. Bishop , John A. Smolin , Jay M. Gambetta