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Spatial understanding over continuous visual input is crucial for MLLMs to evolve into general-purpose assistants in physical environments. Yet there is still no comprehensive benchmark that holistically assesses the progress toward this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Jingli Lin , Runsen Xu , Shaohao Zhu , Sihan Yang , Peizhou Cao , Yunlong Ran , Miao Hu , Chenming Zhu , Yiman Xie , Yilin Long , Wenbo Hu , Dahua Lin , Tai Wang , Jiangmiao Pang

Reasoning lies at the heart of intelligence, shaping the ability to make decisions, draw conclusions, and generalize across domains. In artificial intelligence, as systems increasingly operate in open, uncertain, and multimodal…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs), building upon the foundation of powerful large language models (LLMs), have recently demonstrated exceptional capabilities in generating not only texts but also images given interleaved multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Bohao Li , Yuying Ge , Yixiao Ge , Guangzhi Wang , Rui Wang , Ruimao Zhang , Ying Shan

Geometric problem solving constitutes a critical branch of mathematical reasoning, requiring precise analysis of shapes and spatial relationships. Current evaluations of geometric reasoning in vision-language models (VLMs) face limitations,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Yuan Feng , Yue Yang , Xiaohan He , Jiatong Zhao , Jianlong Chen , Zijun Chen , Daocheng Fu , Qi Liu , Renqiu Xia , Bo Zhang , Junchi Yan

Although large visual-language models (LVLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in multimodal tasks, errors may occasionally arise due to biases during the reasoning process. Recently, reward models (RMs) have become increasingly pivotal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Jiacheng Ruan , Wenzhen Yuan , Xian Gao , Ye Guo , Daoxin Zhang , Zhe Xu , Yao Hu , Ting Liu , Yuzhuo Fu

This paper presents preliminary results in the definition of a comprehensive benchmark framework designed to systematically evaluate spatial reasoning capabilities in neural networks, with a particular focus on morphological properties such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Manuela Imbriani , Gina Belmonte , Mieke Massink , Alessandro Tofani , Vincenzo Ciancia

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made remarkable progress in either temporal or spatial localization. However, they struggle to perform spatio-temporal video grounding. This limitation stems from two major challenges. Firstly,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Jiankang Wang , Zhihan Zhang , Zhihang Liu , Yang Li , Jiannan Ge , Hongtao Xie , Yongdong Zhang

The Multi-Modal Large Language Model (MLLM) refers to an extension of the Large Language Model (LLM) equipped with the capability to receive and infer multi-modal data. Spatial awareness stands as one of the crucial abilities of MLLM,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Yongqiang Zhao , Zhenyu Li , Zhi Jin , Feng Zhang , Haiyan Zhao , Chengfeng Dou , Zhengwei Tao , Xinhai Xu , Donghong Liu

Humans inhabit a physical 4D world where geometric structure and semantic content evolve over time, constituting a dynamic 4D reality (spatial with temporal dimension). While current Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel in static…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yuzhi Huang , Kairun Wen , Rongxin Gao , Dongxuan Liu , Yibin Lou , Jie Wu , Jing Xu , Jian Zhang , Zheng Yang , Yunlong Lin , Chenxin Li , Panwang Pan , Junbin Lu , Jingyan Jiang , Xinghao Ding , Yue Huang , Zhi Wang

Spatial reasoning and visual grounding are core capabilities for vision-language models (VLMs), yet most medical VLMs produce predictions without transparent reasoning or spatial evidence. Existing benchmarks also evaluate VLMs on isolated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Lama Moukheiber , Caleb M. Yeung , Haotian Xue , Alec Helbling , Zelin Zhao , Yongxin Chen

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) are increasingly applied to scientific research, yet it remains unclear whether they can reliably understand and reason over the multimodal complexity of papers. A central challenge lies in detecting and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Lukas Selch , Yufang Hou , M. Jehanzeb Mirza , Sivan Doveh , James Glass , Rogerio Feris , Wei Lin

Large vision-and-language models (VLMs) trained to match images with text on large-scale datasets of image-text pairs have shown impressive generalization ability on several vision and language tasks. Several recent works, however, showed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Navid Rajabi , Jana Kosecka

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in various multimodal tasks. To pursue higher intelligence in space, MLLMs require integrating multiple spatial capabilities, even for handling simple and normal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Ziyang Gong , Wenhao Li , Oliver Ma , Songyuan Li , Zhaokai Wang , Songyuan Li , Jiayi Ji , Xue Yang , Gen Luo , Junchi Yan , Rongrong Ji

Reasoning has substantially improved the performance of large language models (LLMs) on complicated tasks. Central to the current reasoning studies, Process Reward Models (PRMs) offer a fine-grained evaluation of intermediate reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Qi Cao , Ruiyi Wang , Ruiyi Zhang , Sai Ashish Somayajula , Pengtao Xie

The use of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) as an end-to-end solution for Embodied AI and Autonomous Driving has become a prevailing trend. While MLLMs have been extensively studied for visual semantic understanding tasks, their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Yun Li , Yiming Zhang , Tao Lin , Xiangrui Liu , Wenxiao Cai , Zheng Liu , Bo Zhao

Current evaluation paradigms for large language models (LLMs) represent a critical blind spot in AI research--relying on opaque numerical metrics that conceal fundamental limitations in spatial reasoning while providing no intuitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Liuhao Lin , Ke Li , Zihan Xu , Yuchen Shi , Yulei Qin , Yan Zhang , Xing Sun , Rongrong Ji

Visual-spatial understanding, the ability to infer object relationships and layouts from visual input, is fundamental to downstream tasks such as robotic navigation and embodied interaction. However, existing methods face spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Haoyu Zhang , Meng Liu , Zaijing Li , Haokun Wen , Weili Guan , Yaowei Wang , Liqiang Nie

Spatial reasoning from monocular images is essential for autonomous driving, yet current Vision-Language Models (VLMs) still struggle with fine-grained geometric perception, particularly under large scale variation and ambiguous object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yanchun Cheng , Rundong Wang , Xulei Yang , Alok Prakash , Daniela Rus , Marcelo H Ang , ShiJie Li

Spatial Reasoning is an important component of human cognition and is an area in which the latest Vision-language models (VLMs) show signs of difficulty. The current analysis works use image captioning tasks and visual question answering.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Akshar Tumu , Parisa Kordjamshidi

Sycophancy, an excessive tendency of AI models to agree with user input at the expense of factual accuracy or in contradiction of visual evidence, poses a critical and underexplored challenge for multimodal large language models (MLLMs).…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 A. B. M. Ashikur Rahman , Saeed Anwar , Muhammad Usman , Irfan Ahmad , Ajmal Mian