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Narrative reasoning relies on the understanding of eventualities in story contexts, which requires a wealth of background world knowledge. To help machines leverage such knowledge, existing solutions can be categorized into two groups. Some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Cheng Jiayang , Lin Qiu , Chunkit Chan , Xin Liu , Yangqiu Song , Zheng Zhang

The ability to robustly identify causal relationships is essential for autonomous decision-making and adaptation to novel scenarios. However, accurately inferring causal structure requires integrating both world knowledge and abstract…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Khurram Yamin , Shantanu Gupta , Gaurav R. Ghosal , Zachary C. Lipton , Bryan Wilder

Explaining underlying causes or effects about events is a challenging but valuable task. We define a novel problem of generating explanations of a time series event by (1) searching cause and effect relationships of the time series with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-26 Dongyeop Kang , Varun Gangal , Ang Lu , Zheng Chen , Eduard Hovy

Large language models (LLMs) have excelled in various natural language processing tasks, but challenges in interpretability and trustworthiness persist, limiting their use in high-stakes fields. Causal discovery offers a promising approach…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Wei Zhou , Hong Huang , Guowen Zhang , Ruize Shi , Kehan Yin , Yuanyuan Lin , Bang Liu

The ability to perform causal reasoning is widely considered a core feature of intelligence. In this work, we investigate whether large language models (LLMs) can coherently reason about causality. Much of the existing work in natural…

We propose a novel framework that leverages LLMs for full causal graph discovery. While previous LLM-based methods have used a pairwise query approach, this requires a quadratic number of queries which quickly becomes impractical for larger…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Thomas Jiralerspong , Xiaoyin Chen , Yash More , Vedant Shah , Yoshua Bengio

Document-level event argument extraction is a crucial yet challenging task within the field of information extraction. Current mainstream approaches primarily focus on the information interaction between event triggers and their arguments,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Wanlong Liu , Dingyi Zeng , Li Zhou , Yichen Xiao , Weishan Kong , Malu Zhang , Shaohuan Cheng , Hongyang Zhao , Wenyu Chen

Causal reasoning is a cornerstone of how humans interpret the world. To model and reason about causality, causal graphs offer a concise yet effective solution. Given the impressive advancements in language models, a crucial question arises:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Sirui Chen , Mengying Xu , Kun Wang , Xingyu Zeng , Rui Zhao , Shengjie Zhao , Chaochao Lu

Causal structure discovery methods are commonly applied to structured data where the causal variables are known and where statistical testing can be used to assess the causal relationships. By contrast, recovering a causal structure from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Gaël Gendron , Jože M. Rožanec , Michael Witbrock , Gillian Dobbie

On-the-fly reasoning often requires adaptation to novel problems under limited data and distribution shift. This work introduces CausalARC: an experimental testbed for AI reasoning in low-data and out-of-distribution regimes, modeled after…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Jacqueline Maasch , John Kalantari , Kia Khezeli

As the significance of understanding the cause-and-effect relationships among variables increases in the development of modern systems and algorithms, learning causality from observational data has become a preferred and efficient approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Xiaoxuan Li , Yao Liu , Ruoyu Wang , Lina Yao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown state-of-the-art performance in a variety of tasks, including arithmetic and reasoning; however, to gauge the intellectual capabilities of LLMs, causal reasoning has become a reliable proxy for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Abhinav Joshi , Areeb Ahmad , Ashutosh Modi

In fact-checking applications, a common reason to reject a claim is to detect the presence of erroneous cause-effect relationships between the events at play. However, current automated fact-checking methods lack dedicated causal-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Youssra Rebboud , Pasquale Lisena , Raphael Troncy

How does a cause lead to an effect, and which intermediate causal steps explain their connection? This work scrutinizes the mechanistic causal reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) to answer these questions through the task…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Liesbeth Allein , Nataly Pineda-Castañeda , Andrea Rocci , Marie-Francine Moens

Applying link prediction (LP) methods over knowledge graphs (KG) for tasks such as causal event prediction presents an exciting opportunity. However, typical LP models are ill-suited for this task as they are incapable of performing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Sola Shirai , Debarun Bhattacharjya , Oktie Hassanzadeh

Identifying the effect of a treatment from observational data typically requires assuming a fully specified causal diagram. However, such diagrams are rarely known in practice, especially in complex or high-dimensional settings. To overcome…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Clément Yvernes , Emilie Devijver , Marianne Clausel , Eric Gaussier

System behavior is often expressed by causal relations in requirements (e.g., If event 1, then event 2). Automatically extracting this embedded causal knowledge supports not only reasoning about requirements dependencies, but also various…

Understanding why real-world events occur is important for both natural language processing and practical decision-making, yet direct-cause inference remains underexplored in evidence-rich settings. To address this gap, we organized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Pengfei Cao , Mingxuan Yang , Yubo Chen , Chenlong Zhang , Mingxuan Liu , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Effective and reliable evaluation is essential for advancing empirical machine learning. However, the increasing accessibility of generalist models and the progress towards ever more complex, high-level tasks make systematic evaluation more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Felix Leeb , Zhijing Jin , Bernhard Schölkopf

Causal discovery from observational data remains fundamentally limited by identifiability constraints. Recent work has explored leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) as sources of prior causal knowledge, but existing approaches rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Hyunjun Kim