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The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) with varying computational costs and performance profiles presents a critical challenge for scalable, cost-effective deployment in real-world applications. We introduce a unified routing…

As large language models (LLMs) become widespread in various application domains, a critical challenge the AI community is facing is how to train these large AI models in a cost-effective manner. Existing LLM training plans typically employ…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Jehyeon Bang , Yujeong Choi , Myeongwoo Kim , Yongdeok Kim , Minsoo Rhu

As large language models (LLMs) increasingly act as autonomous agents in markets and organizations, their behavior in strategic environments becomes economically consequential. We document that off-the-shelf LLM agents exhibit systematic…

General Economics · Economics 2026-03-16 Wei Lu , Amit Dhanda , Daniel L. Chen , Christian B. Hansen

We study a general online combinatorial auction problem in algorithmic mechanism design. A provider allocates multiple types of capacity-limited resources to customers that arrive in a sequential and arbitrary manner. Each customer has a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Xiaoqi Tan , Alberto Leon-Garcia , Yuan Wu , Danny H. K. Tsang

Large language models (LLMs) are known for their exceptional performance across a range of natural language processing tasks, but their deployment comes at a high computational and financial cost. On the other hand, smaller language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Adarsh MS , Jithin VG , Ditto PS

We consider a seller who offers services to a buyer with multi-unit demand. Prior to the realization of demand, the buyer receives a noisy signal of their future demand, and the seller can design contracts based on the reported value of…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-02-13 Dirk Bergemann , Michael C. Wang

We develop a theoretical model that addresses the economic trade-off between cost per token versus serial token generation speed when deploying LLMs for inference at scale. Our model takes into account arithmetic, memory bandwidth, network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Ege Erdil

Traditional data valuation methods based on ``row-count $\times$ quality coefficient'' paradigms fail to capture the nuanced, nonlinear contributions that data makes to Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities. This paper presents a dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Minghui Xu , Qi Luo , Kun Li

Scaling LLMs requires tremendous computational resources, and recent advances in AI have gone hand in hand with massive amounts of capital expenditure. While it is established that scaling up LLMs reliably increases model quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Sophie Hao , William Merrill

Optimizing training performance in large language models (LLMs) remains an essential challenge, particularly in improving model performance while maintaining computational costs. This work challenges the conventional approach of training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Chun-Hao Yang , Bo-Han Feng , Tzu-Yuan Lai , Yan Yu Chen , Yin-Kai Dean Huang , Shou-De Lin

Planning for both immediate and long-term benefits becomes increasingly important in recommendation. Existing methods apply Reinforcement Learning (RL) to learn planning capacity by maximizing cumulative reward for long-term recommendation.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Wentao Shi , Xiangnan He , Yang Zhang , Chongming Gao , Xinyue Li , Jizhi Zhang , Qifan Wang , Fuli Feng

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on long-context processing, but expanding context windows introduces substantial computational and financial costs. Existing context reduction approaches, including retrieval and memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Binqi Shen , Lier Jin , Hanyu Cai , Lan Hu , Yuting Xin

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly progressed into general-purpose agents capable of solving a broad spectrum of tasks. However, current models remain inefficient at reasoning: they apply fixed inference-time compute regardless of…

The prohibitive training costs of Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a significant bottleneck in the development of next-generation LLMs. In this paper, we show that it is possible to significantly reduce the training costs of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Chenze Shao , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou

The rapid advancement in large language models (LLMs) has brought forth a diverse range of models with varying capabilities that excel in different tasks and domains. However, selecting the optimal LLM for user queries often involves a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yang Li

Large language models (LLMs) process and predict sequences containing text to answer questions, and address tasks including document summarization, providing recommendations, writing software and solving quantitative problems. We provide a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Ricardo Baptista , Andrew Stuart , Son Tran

Selecting which products to display and at what prices is a central decision in retail and e-commerce operations. In many applications, these two choices must be made jointly under limited display capacity and uncertain customer demand. In…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-22 Yunfan Zhang , Yuxuan Han , Hongyu Shan , Jose Blanchet , Zhengyuan Zhou

We present a data-driven pipeline developed in collaboration with the Power Packs Project, a nonprofit addressing food insecurity in local communities. The system integrates data extraction from PDFs, large language models for ingredient…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Sergio Marin , Nhu Nguyen , Max , Zheng , Christina M. Weaver

We study revenue maximization in a buyer-seller setting where the seller has a single object and the buyer has both a private valuation and a private budget. Private budgets complicate the classic single-product monopoly problem, making…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Juan Carlos Carbajal , Ahuva Mualem

We study the problem of routing queries to large language models (LLMs) under cost, GPU resources, and concurrency constraints. Prior per-query routing methods often fail to control batch-level cost, especially under non-uniform or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Jelena Markovic-Voronov , Kayhan Behdin , Yuanda Xu , Zhengze Zhou , Zhipeng Wang , Rahul Mazumder