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The reachability problem for Vector Addition Systems (VASs) is a central problem of net theory. The general problem is known to be decidable by algorithms exclusively based on the classical Kosaraju-Lambert-Mayr-Sacerdote-Tenney…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 leroux jerome

Petri nets, equivalently presentable as vector addition systems with states, are an established model of concurrency with widespread applications. The reachability problem, where we ask whether from a given initial configuration there…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Sławomir Lasota

Petri nets, also known as vector addition systems, are a long established model of concurrency with extensive applications in modelling and analysis of hardware, software and database systems, as well as chemical, biological and business…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-04-12 Wojciech Czerwinski , Slawomir Lasota , Ranko Lazic , Jerome Leroux , Filip Mazowiecki

Determining the complexity of the reachability problem for vector addition systems with states (VASS) is a long-standing open problem in computer science. Long known to be decidable, the problem to this day lacks any complexity upper bound…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-03-20 Michael Blondin , Alain Finkel , Stefan Göller , Christoph Haase , Pierre McKenzie

A pushdown vector addition system with states (PVASS) extends the model of vector addition systems with a pushdown store. A PVASS is said to be \emph{bidirected} if every transition (pushing/popping a symbol or modifying a counter) has an…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Moses Ganardi , Rupak Majumdar , Andreas Pavlogiannis , Lia Schütze , Georg Zetzsche

The reachability problem in vector addition systems is a central question, not only for the static verification of these systems, but also for many inter-reducible decision problems occurring in various fields. The currently best known…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Jérôme Leroux , Sylvain Schmitz

Reachability of vector addition systems with states (VASS) is Ackermann complete~\cite{leroux2021reachability,czerwinski2021reachability}. For $d$-dimensional VASS reachability it is known that the problem is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Yuxi Fu , Yangluo Zheng , Qizhe Yang

Reachability in pushdown vector addition systems with states (PVASS) is among the longest standing open problems in Theoretical Computer Science. We show that the problem is decidable in full generality. Our decision procedure is similar in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Roland Guttenberg , Eren Keskin , Roland Meyer

The reachability problem in 3-dimensional vector addition systems with states (3-VASS) is known to be PSpace-hard, and to belong to Tower. We significantly narrow down the complexity gap by proving the problem to be solvable in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Wojciech Czerwiński , Ismaël Jecker , Sławomir Lasota , Łukasz Orlikowski

A pushdown vector addition system with states (PVASS) extends the model of vector addition systems with a pushdown stack. The algorithmic analysis of PVASS has applications such as static analysis of recursive programs manipulating integer…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Guillermo A. Perez , Shrisha Rao

Vector addition systems with states (VASS) are a popular model for concurrent systems. However, many decision problems have prohibitively high complexity. Therefore, it is sometimes useful to consider overapproximating semantics in which…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Pascal Baumann , Khushraj Madnani , Filip Mazowiecki , Georg Zetzsche

More than 30 years after their inception, the decidability proofs for reachability in vector addition systems (VAS) still retain much of their mystery. These proofs rely crucially on a decomposition of runs successively refined by Mayr,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-08-11 Jérôme Leroux , Sylvain Schmitz

We study the geometry of reachability sets of continuous vector addition systems with states (VASS). In particular we establish that they are almost Minkowski sums of convex cones and zonotopes generated by the vectors labelling the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Shaull Almagor , Arka Ghosh , Tim Leys , Guillermo A. Perez

We consider the problems of language inclusion and language equivalence for Vector Addition Systems with States (VASS) with the acceptance condition defined by the set of accepting states (and more generally by some upward-closed…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Wojciech Czerwiński , Piotr Hofman

The geometric dimension of a Vector Addition System with States (VASS), emerged in Leroux and Schmitz (2019) and formalized by Fu, Yang, and Zheng (2024), quantifies the dimension of the vector space spanned by cycle effects in the system.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Yangluo Zheng

We consider a variant of VASS extended with integer counters, denoted VASS+Z. These are automata equipped with N and Z counters; the N-counters are required to remain nonnegative and the Z-counters do not have this restriction. We study the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Clotilde Bizière , Wojciech Czerwiński , Roland Guttenberg , Jérôme Leroux , Vincent Michielini , Łukasz Orlikowski , Antoni Puch , Henry Sinclair-Banks

We consider a variant of reachability in Vector Addition Systems (VAS) dubbed \emph{box reachability}, whereby a vector $v\in \mathbb{N}^d$ is box-reachable from $0$ in a VAS $V$ if $V$ admits a path from $0$ to $v$ that not only stays in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Shaull Almagor , Itay Hasson , Michał Pilipczuk , Michael Zaslavski

We study a class of reachability problems in weighted graphs with constraints on the accumulated weight of paths. The problems we study can equivalently be formulated in the model of vector addition systems with states (VASS). We consider a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-09-08 Shaull Almagor , Nathann Cohen , Guillermo A. Pérez , Mahsa Shirmohammadi , James Worrell

We provide an Ackermannian complexity lower bound for the reachability problem for checking programs, a model equivalent to Petri nets. Moreover in fixed dimension $2d+4$, we show that the problem is $\mathbb{F}_d$-hard. As a direct…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Jérôme Leroux

We study the reachability problem for affine $\mathbb{Z}$-VASS, which are integer vector addition systems with states in which transitions perform affine transformations on the counters. This problem is easily seen to be undecidable in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Michael Blondin , Christoph Haase , Filip Mazowiecki , Mikhail Raskin