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Smart contracts provide the means to stipulate rules of interaction between mutually distrustful organizations. They encode contractual agreements on the basis of source code, which else need to be contractualized in natural language. While…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Tobias Eichinger , Marcel Ebermann

With a market capitalisation of over USD 205 billion in just under ten years, public distributed ledgers have experienced significant adoption. Apart from novel consensus mechanisms, their success is also accountable to smart contracts.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-02 Dominik Harz , William Knottenbelt

The high rate of false alarms from static analysis tools and Large Language Models (LLMs) complicates vulnerability detection in Solidity Smart Contracts, demanding methods that can formally or empirically prove the presence of defects.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Ştefan-Claudiu Susan , Andrei Arusoaie , Dorel Lucanu

Smart contracts are programs running on a blockchain. They are immutable to change, and hence can not be patched for bugs once deployed. Thus it is critical to ensure they are bug-free and well-designed before deployment. A Contract defect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Jiachi Chen , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy , Daniel Xiapu Luo , Ting Chen

The growing adoption of smart contracts on blockchains poses new security risks that can lead to significant monetary loss, while existing approaches either provide no (or partial) security guarantees for smart contracts or require huge…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Shaokai Lin , Xinyuan Sun , Jianan Yao , Ronghui Gu

We introduce SmartEval, a benchmark for systematically evaluating the quality of Solidity smart contracts generated by large language models (LLMs) from natural language specifications. SmartEval provides a corpus of 9,000 generated…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Abhinav Goel , Agostino Capponi , Alfio Gliozzo , Chaitya Shah

Smart contracts on Ethereum handle millions of U.S. Dollars and other financial assets. In the past, attackers have exploited smart contracts to steal these assets. The Ethereum community has developed plenty of tools to detect vulnerable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Chavhan Sujeet Yashavant , Saurabh Kumar , Amey Karkare

Smart contracts are self-executing programs that run on blockchains (e.g., Ethereum). 680 million US dollars worth of digital assets controlled by smart contracts have been hacked or stolen due to various security vulnerabilities in 2021.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Tanusree Sharma , Zhixuan Zhou , Andrew Miller , Yang Wang

Structured Electronic Health Record (EHR) data stores patient information in relational tables and plays a central role in clinical decision-making. Recent advances have explored the use of large language models (LLMs) to process such data,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Xiao Yang , Xuejiao Zhao , Zhiqi Shen

We investigate the feasibility of employing large language models (LLMs) for conducting the security audit of smart contracts, a traditionally time-consuming and costly process. Our research focuses on the optimization of prompt engineering…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Isaac David , Liyi Zhou , Kaihua Qin , Dawn Song , Lorenzo Cavallaro , Arthur Gervais

Auto-completing code enables developers to speed up coding significantly. Recent advances in transformer-based large language model (LLM) technologies have been applied to code synthesis. However, studies show that many of such synthesized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-09 André Storhaug , Jingyue Li , Tianyuan Hu

With the development of blockchain technology, smart contracts have become an important component of blockchain applications. Despite their crucial role, the development of smart contracts may introduce vulnerabilities and potentially lead…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Chong Chen , Jianzhong Su , Jiachi Chen , Yanlin Wang , Tingting Bi , Jianxing Yu , Yanli Wang , Xingwei Lin , Ting Chen , Zibin Zheng

Ensuring the correctness of smart contracts is critical, as even subtle flaws can lead to severe financial losses. While bug detection tools able to spot common vulnerability patterns can serve as a first line of defense, most real-world…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Massimo Bartoletti , Enrico Lipparini , Livio Pompianu

The irreversible nature of blockchain transactions makes the identification of smart contract vulnerabilities an essential requirement for secure system development. While Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Stefan-Claudiu Susan , Andrei Arusoaie , Dorel Lucanu

Bitcoin has attracted everyone's attention and interest recently. Ethereum (ETH), a second generation cryptocurrency, extends Bitcoin's design by offering a Turing-complete programming language called Solidity to develop smart contracts.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-04-05 Jiao Jiao , Shuanglong Kan , Shang-Wei Lin , David Sanan , Yang Liu , Jun Sun

The rise of decentralized applications (dApps) has made smart contracts imperative components of blockchain technology. As many smart contracts process financial transactions, their security is paramount. Moreover, the immutability of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Khalid Hassan , Saeed Moradi , Shaiful Chowdhury , Sara Rouhani

Ethereum smart contracts are executable programs, deployed on a peer-to-peer network and executed in a consensus-based fashion. Their bytecode is public, immutable and once deployed to the blockchain, cannot be patched anymore. As smart…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Konrad Weiss , Julian Schütte

Smart contracts deployed on blockchains such as Ethereum routinely manage large amounts of assets, making their security critical. Empirical studies show that real-world attacks often exploit flaws in the business logic of contracts that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Massimo Bartoletti , Angelo Ferrando , Enrico Lipparini , Vadim Malvone

Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies are gaining unprecedented popularity and understanding. Meanwhile, Ethereum is gaining a significant popularity in the blockchain community, mainly due to the fact that it is designed in a way that enables…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-07-06 TonTon Hsien-De Huang

Modern blockchains, such as Ethereum, enable the execution of so-called smart contracts - programs that are executed across a decentralised network of nodes. As smart contracts become more popular and carry more value, they become more of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Christof Ferreira Torres , Mathis Steichen , Radu State