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Current evaluations of large language models aggregate performance across diverse tasks into single scores. This obscures fine-grained ability variation, limiting targeted model improvement and ability-guided selection for specific tasks.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Xu Zhang , Xudong Gong , Jiacheng Qin , Qiang Wang , JiaQi Liao , Zhe Wang , Dawei Feng , Bo Ding

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be capable of impressive few-shot generalisation to new tasks. However, they still tend to perform poorly on multi-step logical reasoning problems. Here we carry out a comprehensive evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Antonia Creswell , Murray Shanahan , Irina Higgins

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in reasoning tasks, yet their reliance on static prompt structures and limited adaptability to complex scenarios remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Chengkun Cai , Xu Zhao , Haoliang Liu , Zhongyu Jiang , Tianfang Zhang , Zongkai Wu , Jenq-Neng Hwang , Lei Li

Few health-related constructs or measures have received a critical evaluation in terms of measurement equivalence, such as self-reported health survey data. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis is crucial for evaluating measurement…

Predictive analysis is a cornerstone of modern decision-making, with applications in various domains. Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools in enabling nuanced, knowledge-intensive conversations, thus aiding in complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Qin Chen , Yuanyi Ren , Xiaojun Ma , Yuyang Shi

Understanding the behavior of large language models (LLMs) is crucial for ensuring their safe and reliable use. However, existing explainable AI (XAI) methods for LLMs primarily rely on word-level explanations, which are often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Furui Cheng , Vilém Zouhar , Robin Shing Moon Chan , Daniel Fürst , Hendrik Strobelt , Mennatallah El-Assady

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in adapting to various tasks when provided with task-specific instructions. However, LLMs using standard decoding strategies often struggle with deviations from the inputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Jinliang Lu , Chen Wang , Jiajun Zhang

Identifying logical errors in complex, incomplete or even contradictory and overall heterogeneous data like students' experimentation protocols is challenging. Recognizing the limitations of current evaluation methods, we investigate the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Arne Bewersdorff , Kathrin Seßler , Armin Baur , Enkelejda Kasneci , Claudia Nerdel

Traditional methods for determining assessment item parameters, such as difficulty and discrimination, rely heavily on expensive field testing to collect student performance data for Item Response Theory (IRT) calibration. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Christopher Ormerod

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed under diverse numerical precision configurations, including standard floating-point formats (e.g., bfloat16 and float16) and quantized integer formats (e.g., int16 and int8), to meet…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Yifei Wang , Tianlin Li , Xiaohan Zhang , Xiaoyu Zhang , Wei Ma , Mingfei Cheng , Li Pan

Traditional recommender systems leverage users' item preference history to recommend novel content that users may like. However, modern dialog interfaces that allow users to express language-based preferences offer a fundamentally different…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Scott Sanner , Krisztian Balog , Filip Radlinski , Ben Wedin , Lucas Dixon

Statistical natural language inference (NLI) models are susceptible to learning dataset bias: superficial cues that happen to associate with the label on a particular dataset, but are not useful in general, e.g., negation words indicate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-26 He He , Sheng Zha , Haohan Wang

High-quality test items are essential for educational assessments, particularly within Item Response Theory (IRT). Traditional validation methods rely on resource-intensive pilot testing to estimate item difficulty and discrimination. More…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Robin Schmucker , Steven Moore

Drawing on constructs from psychology, prior work has identified a distinction between explicit and implicit bias in large language models (LLMs). While many LLMs undergo post-training alignment and safety procedures to avoid expressions of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Molly Apsel , Michael N. Jones

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing and extended their powerful capabilities to multi-modal domains. As LLMs continue to advance, it is crucial to develop diverse and appropriate metrics for their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Lai Wei , Zhiquan Tan , Chenghai Li , Jindong Wang , Weiran Huang

Large-language Models (LLMs) have been extremely successful at tasks like complex dialogue understanding, reasoning and coding due to their emergent abilities. These emergent abilities have been extended with multi-modality to include…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Li Yang , Anushya Subbiah , Hardik Patel , Judith Yue Li , Yanwei Song , Reza Mirghaderi , Vikram Aggarwal , Qifan Wang

Educational assessment relies heavily on knowing question difficulty, traditionally determined through resource-intensive pre-testing with students. This creates significant barriers for both classroom teachers and assessment developers. We…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Matias Hoyl

Accurately predicting individual aesthetic evaluation for images is a fundamental challenge for AI. Various deep learning (DL)-based models have been proposed for this task, training on image evaluation data to extract objective low-level…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yoshia Abe , Tatsuya Daikoku , Yasuo Kuniyoshi

Evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs requires users to make critical judgments about the best outputs across various configurations. This process is costly and takes time given the large amounts of data. LLMs are increasingly…

The dissemination of Large Language Models (LLMs), trained at scale, and endowed with powerful text-generating abilities, has made it easier for all to produce harmful, toxic, faked or forged content. In response, various proposals have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Matthieu Dubois , François Yvon , Pablo Piantanida