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The emergence of large language model (LLM)-based agents has significantly advanced the development of autonomous machine learning (ML) engineering. However, the dominant prompt-based paradigm exhibits limitations: smaller models lack the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Zexi Liu , Jingyi Chai , Xinyu Zhu , Shuo Tang , Rui Ye , Bo Zhang , Lei Bai , Siheng Chen

Lifelong interactive agents are expected to assist users over months or years, which requires continually writing long term memories while retrieving the right evidence for each new query under fixed context and latency budgets. Existing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Can Lv , Heng Chang , Yuchen Guo , Shengyu Tao , Shiji Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant advances in the field of natural language processing, but they still face challenges such as continuous decision-making. In this research, we propose a novel framework by integrating…

Managing agent context (e.g., thought and observation) during multi-turn agent-environment interactions is an emerging strategy to improve agent efficiency. However, existing studies treat the entire interaction trajectories equally,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yansong Ning , Jun Fang , Naiqiang Tan , Hao Liu

AI agents that leverage Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly becoming core building blocks of modern software systems. A wide range of frameworks is now available to support the specification of such applications. These frameworks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Fabiana Fournier , Lior Limonad , Yuval David

Training agents to act competently in complex 3D environments from high-dimensional visual information is challenging. Reinforcement learning is conventionally used to train such agents, but requires a carefully designed reward function,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Adam Jelley , Yuhan Cao , Dave Bignell , Amos Storkey , Sam Devlin , Tabish Rashid

LLM agents increasingly operate in open-ended environments spanning hundreds of sequential episodes, yet they remain largely stateless: each task is solved from scratch without converting past experience into better future behavior. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Wujiang Xu , Jiaojiao Han , Minghao Guo , Kai Mei , Xi Zhu , Han Zhang , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Large language model (LLM) agents extend generative models with reasoning, tool use, and persistent memory, thereby enabling the automation of complex tasks. In healthcare, such systems could support documentation, care coordination, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Wenxian Yang , Hanzheng Qiu , Bangqun Zhang , Chengquan Li , Zhiyong Huang , Xiaobin Feng , Rongshan Yu , Jiahong Dong

We introduce EMemBench, a programmatic benchmark for evaluating long-term memory of agents through interactive games. Rather than using a fixed set of questions, EMemBench generates questions from each agent's own trajectory, covering both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Xinze Li , Ziyue Zhu , Siyuan Liu , Yubo Ma , Yuhang Zang , Yixin Cao , Aixin Sun

Large language model (LLM)-based agents that reason, plan, and act through tools, memory, and structured interaction are emerging as a promising paradigm for automating complex workflows. Recent systems such as OpenClaw and Claude Code…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yingli Zhou , Wang Shu , Yaodong Su , Wenchuan Du , Yixiang Fang , Xuemin Lin

This study focuses on using large language models (LLMs) as a planner for embodied agents that can follow natural language instructions to complete complex tasks in a visually-perceived environment. The high data cost and poor sample…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Chan Hee Song , Jiaman Wu , Clayton Washington , Brian M. Sadler , Wei-Lun Chao , Yu Su

Large Language Model (LLM) has exhibited strong reasoning ability in text-based contexts across various domains, yet the limitation of context window poses challenges for the model on long-range inference tasks and necessitates a memory…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Mengwei Yuan , Jianan Liu , Jing Yang , Xianyou Li , Weiran Yan , Yichao Wu , Penghao Liang

Although LLM agents can leverage tools for complex tasks, they still need memory to maintain cross-turn consistency and accumulate reusable information in long-horizon interactions. However, retrieval-based external memory systems incur low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Jiaquan Zhang , Chaoning Zhang , Shuxu Chen , Zhenzhen Huang , Pengcheng Zheng , Zhicheng Wang , Ping Guo , Fan Mo , Sung-Ho Bae , Jie Zou , Jiwei Wei , Yang Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate substantial potential across a diverse array of domains via request serving. However, as trends continue to push for expanding context sizes, the autoregressive nature of LLMs results in highly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Bin Lin , Chen Zhang , Tao Peng , Hanyu Zhao , Wencong Xiao , Minmin Sun , Anmin Liu , Zhipeng Zhang , Lanbo Li , Xiafei Qiu , Shen Li , Zhigang Ji , Tao Xie , Yong Li , Wei Lin

Continual fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) is becoming increasingly crucial as these models are deployed in dynamic environments where tasks and data distributions evolve over time. While strong adaptability enables rapid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Yiyang Lu , Yu He , Jianlong Chen , Hongyuan Zha

Long-term memory has emerged as a foundational component of autonomous Large Language Model (LLM) agents, enabling continuous adaptation, lifelong multimodal learning, and sophisticated reasoning. However, as memory systems transition from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Chingkwun Lam , Jiaxin Li , Lingfei Zhang , Kuo Zhao

An ideal embodied agent should possess lifelong learning capabilities to handle long-horizon and complex tasks, enabling continuous operation in general environments. This not only requires the agent to accurately accomplish given tasks but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Sen Wang , Bangwei Liu , Zhenkun Gao , Lizhuang Ma , Xuhong Wang , Yuan Xie , Xin Tan

Artificial autonomous agents and robots interacting in complex environments are required to continually acquire and fine-tune knowledge over sustained periods of time. The ability to learn from continuous streams of information is referred…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-20 German I. Parisi , Jun Tani , Cornelius Weber , Stefan Wermter

Memory is a central capability for LLM agents operating across long-horizon tasks. Existing memory benchmarks predominantly evaluate retention of personalized information in multi-turn chat scenarios, overlooking the dynamic memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Wujiang Xu , Yu Wang , Kai Mei , Kaiqu Liang , Zhenting Wang , Mingyu Jin , Han Zhang , Shi-Xiong Zhang , Wenyue Hua , Sambit Sahu , Dimitris N. Metaxas

One application area of long-term memory (LTM) capabilities with increasing traction is personal AI companions and assistants. With the ability to retain and contextualize past interactions and adapt to user preferences, personal AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Eunhae Lee