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Deep reinforcement learning has been extensively studied in decision-making processes and has demonstrated superior performance over conventional approaches in various fields, including radar resource management (RRM). However, a notable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Ziyang Lu , M. Cenk Gursoy , Chilukuri K. Mohan , Pramod K. Varshney

With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-26 B Ravi Kiran , Ibrahim Sobh , Victor Talpaert , Patrick Mannion , Ahmad A. Al Sallab , Senthil Yogamani , Patrick Pérez

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has recently emerged as a promising approach to solve combinatorial optimization problems such as job shop scheduling. However, the policies learned by DRL are typically represented by deep neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chengpeng Hu , Yingqian Zhang , Hendrik Baier

In recent years, advances in deep learning have resulted in a plethora of successes in the use of reinforcement learning (RL) to solve complex sequential decision tasks with high-dimensional inputs. However, existing systems lack the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Pedro Sequeira , Melinda Gervasio

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has achieved tremendous development in recent years, but still faces significant obstacles in addressing complex real-life problems due to the issues of poor system generalization, low sample efficiency as well…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Chao Yu , Shicheng Ye , Hankz Hankui Zhuo

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for sequential decision-making and has attracted growing interest across various domains, particularly following the advent of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) in 2015.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Dong Wang , Hanmo You , Lingwei Zhu , Kaiwei Lin , Zheng Chen , Chen Yang , Junji Yu , Zan Wang , Junjie Chen

Reinforcement learning (RL) has catalyzed the emergence of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) that have pushed reasoning capabilities to new heights. While their performance has garnered significant excitement, exploring the internal mechanisms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yi Hu , Jiaqi Gu , Ruxin Wang , Zijun Yao , Hao Peng , Xiaobao Wu , Jianhui Chen , Muhan Zhang , Liangming Pan

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has made great achievements since proposed. Generally, DRL agents receive high-dimensional inputs at each step, and make actions according to deep-neural-network-based policies. This learning mechanism…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Kun Shao , Zhentao Tang , Yuanheng Zhu , Nannan Li , Dongbin Zhao

Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown great promise in simulated environments, such as games, where failures have minimal consequences. However, the deployment of RL agents in real-world systems such as autonomous vehicles, robotics, UAVs,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Risal Shahriar Shefin , Md Asifur Rahman , Thai Le , Sarra Alqahtani

The framework of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) provides a powerful and widely applicable mathematical formalization for sequential decision-making. This paper present a novel DRL framework, termed \emph{$f$-Divergence Reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Chen Gong , Qiang He , Yunpeng Bai , Zhou Yang , Xiaoyu Chen , Xinwen Hou , Xianjie Zhang , Yu Liu , Guoliang Fan

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is poised to revolutionise the field of artificial intelligence (AI) by endowing autonomous systems with high levels of understanding of the real world. Currently, deep learning (DL) is enabling DRL to…

Deep Learning has become overly complicated and has enjoyed stellar success in solving several classical problems like image classification, object detection, etc. Several methods for explaining these decisions have been proposed. Black-box…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Siddhant Agarwal , Owais Iqbal , Sree Aditya Buridi , Madda Manjusha , Abir Das

The scale of Internet-connected systems has increased considerably, and these systems are being exposed to cyber attacks more than ever. The complexity and dynamics of cyber attacks require protecting mechanisms to be responsive, adaptive,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Thanh Thi Nguyen , Vijay Janapa Reddi

The increasing demand for autonomous systems in complex and dynamic environments has driven significant research into intelligent path planning methodologies. For decades, graph-based search algorithms, linear programming techniques, and…

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) connects the classic Reinforcement Learning algorithms with Deep Neural Networks. A problem in DRL is that CNNs are black-boxes and it is hard to understand the decision-making process of agents. In order…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Matthias Rosynski , Frank Kirchner , Matias Valdenegro-Toro

Cyber-attacks are becoming increasingly sophisticated and frequent, highlighting the importance of network intrusion detection systems. This paper explores the potential and challenges of using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) in network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Wanrong Yang , Alberto Acuto , Yihang Zhou , Dominik Wojtczak

In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms have gained traction in home energy management systems. However, their adoption by energy management companies remains limited due to the black-box nature of DRL, which fails to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-03 Toon Van Puyvelde , Mehran Zareh , Chris Develder

Reinforcement Learning and, recently, Deep Reinforcement Learning are popular methods for solving sequential decision-making problems modeled as Markov Decision Processes. RL modeling of a problem and selecting algorithms and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Reza Refaei Afshar , Joaquin Vanschoren , Uzay Kaymak , Rui Zhang , Yaoxin Wu , Wen Song , Yingqian Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a branch of machine learning which is employed to solve various sequential decision making problems without proper supervision. Due to the recent advancement of deep learning, the newly proposed Deep-RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Dhruv Ramani

Embodied agents, such as robots and virtual characters, must continuously select actions to execute tasks effectively, solving complex sequential decision-making problems. Given the difficulty of designing such controllers manually,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Pedro Santana