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With the evolution of large language models (LLMs), their robustness against individual simple biases has been enhanced. However, we observe that the ensemble of multiple simple biases still exerts a significant adverse impact on LLMs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhouhao Sun , Zhiyuan Kan , Xiao Ding , Li Du , Bibo Cai , Yang Zhao , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

This paper investigates the ability of large language models (LLMs) to solve statistical tasks, as well as their capacity to assess the quality of reasoning. While state-of-the-art LLMs have demonstrated remarkable performance in a range of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Crish Nagarkar , Leonid Bogachev , Serge Sharoff

Large language models~(LLMs) have greatly advanced the frontiers of artificial intelligence, attaining remarkable improvement in model capacity. To assess the model performance, a typical approach is to construct evaluation benchmarks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Kun Zhou , Yutao Zhu , Zhipeng Chen , Wentong Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Xu Chen , Yankai Lin , Ji-Rong Wen , Jiawei Han

Multi-modal retrieval-augmented Question Answering (MRAQA), integrating text and images, has gained significant attention in information retrieval (IR) and natural language processing (NLP). Traditional ranking methods rely on small…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Yang Bai , Christan Earl Grant , Daisy Zhe Wang

Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 have exhibited remarkable performance in a variety of tasks, but this strong performance often comes with the high expense of using paid API services. In this paper, we are motivated to study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Murong Yue , Jie Zhao , Min Zhang , Liang Du , Ziyu Yao

We study the behavior of several black-box search algorithms used for generating adversarial examples for natural language processing (NLP) tasks. We perform a fine-grained analysis of three elements relevant to search: search algorithm,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Jin Yong Yoo , John X. Morris , Eli Lifland , Yanjun Qi

Large language models (LLMs) are powerful tools capable of handling diverse tasks. Comparing and selecting appropriate LLMs for specific tasks requires systematic evaluation methods, as models exhibit varying capabilities across different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Anna Sokol , Elizabeth Daly , Michael Hind , David Piorkowski , Xiangliang Zhang , Nuno Moniz , Nitesh Chawla

Use cases are widely employed to specify functional requirements, yet existing benchmarks are scarce and face the risk of being misaligned with actual system behavior, similarly limiting the rigorous evaluation of large language models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Shuyuan Xiao , Yiran Zhang , Weisong Sun , Xiaohong Chen , Yang Liu , Zhi Jin

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become an effective paradigm for improving reasoning language models on tasks such as mathematics, coding, and scientific question answering. However, widely used group-relative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Redacted by arXiv

Users typically engage with LLMs interactively, yet most existing benchmarks evaluate them in a static, single-turn format, posing reliability concerns in interactive scenarios. We identify a key obstacle towards reliability: LLMs are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Shuyue Stella Li , Vidhisha Balachandran , Shangbin Feng , Jonathan S. Ilgen , Emma Pierson , Pang Wei Koh , Yulia Tsvetkov

Classical and natural language planning tasks remain a difficult domain for modern large language models (LLMs). In this work, we lay the foundations for improving planning capabilities of LLMs. First, we construct a comprehensive benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Bernd Bohnet , Azade Nova , Aaron T Parisi , Kevin Swersky , Katayoon Goshvadi , Hanjun Dai , Dale Schuurmans , Noah Fiedel , Hanie Sedghi

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) with respect to real-world code complexity is essential. Otherwise, there is a risk of overestimating LLMs' programming abilities based on simplistic benchmarks, only to be disappointed when using…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yang Chen , Shuyang Liu , Reyhaneh Jabbarvand

Data contamination has received increasing attention in the era of large language models (LLMs) due to their reliance on vast Internet-derived training corpora. To mitigate the risk of potential data contamination, LLM benchmarking has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Simin Chen , Yiming Chen , Zexin Li , Yifan Jiang , Zhongwei Wan , Yixin He , Dezhi Ran , Tianle Gu , Haizhou Li , Tao Xie , Baishakhi Ray

Rapid advancements in large language models (LLMs) have the potential to assist in scientific progress. A critical capability toward this endeavor is the ability to reproduce existing work. To evaluate the ability of AI agents to reproduce…

When seeking information from unfamiliar documents, users frequently pose questions that cannot be answered by the documents. While existing large language models (LLMs) identify these unanswerable questions, they do not assist users in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Wenting Zhao , Ge Gao , Claire Cardie , Alexander M. Rush

Public benchmarks increasingly govern how large language models (LLMs) are ranked, selected, and deployed. We frame this benchmark-centered regime as Silicon Bureaucracy and AI Test-Oriented Education, and argue that it rests on a fragile…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yiliang Song , Hongjun An , Jiangan Chen , Xuanchen Yan , Huan Song , Jiawei Shao , Xuelong Li

To guarantee safe and robust deployment of large language models (LLMs) at scale, it is critical to accurately assess their adversarial robustness. Existing adversarial attacks typically target harmful responses in single-point greedy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Tim Beyer , Yan Scholten , Leo Schwinn , Stephan Günnemann

The prohibitive cost of evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitates efficient alternatives to full-scale benchmarking. Prevalent approaches address this by identifying a small coreset of items to approximate full-benchmark…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yueqi Zhang , Jin Hu , Shaoxiong Feng , Peiwen Yuan , Xinglin Wang , Yiwei Li , Jiayi Shi , Chuyi Tan , Ji Zhang , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li

Benchmarks and leaderboards are how NLP most often communicates progress, but in the LLM era they are increasingly easy to misread. Scores can reflect benchmark-chasing, hidden evaluation choices, or accidental exposure to test content --…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Jan Christian Blaise Cruz , Alham Fikri Aji

LLM benchmarks are increasingly dynamic: instead of containing a fixed set of questions, they define templates and parameters that can generate an effectively unlimited number of question variants. This flexibility is valuable, but it makes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Taylor Lundy , Narun K. Raman , Kevin Leyton-Brown
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