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Related papers: Systematic Outliers in Large Language Models

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Investigating outliers in large language models (LLMs) is crucial due to their significant impact on various aspects of LLM performance, including quantization and compression. Outliers often cause considerable quantization errors, leading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Rahul Raman , Khushi Sharma , Sai Qian Zhang

We investigate the functional role of emergent outliers in large language models, specifically attention sinks (a few tokens that consistently receive large attention logits) and residual sinks (a few fixed dimensions with persistently…

Transformer models have been widely adopted in various domains over the last years, and especially large language models have advanced the field of AI significantly. Due to their size, the capability of these networks has increased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Yelysei Bondarenko , Markus Nagel , Tijmen Blankevoort

Recent works have shown a surprising result: a small fraction of Large Language Model (LLM) parameter outliers are disproportionately important to the quality of the model. LLMs contain billions of parameters, so these small fractions, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Mengxia Yu , De Wang , Qi Shan , Colorado J Reed , Alvin Wan

Transformer architecture has become the fundamental element of the widespread natural language processing~(NLP) models. With the trends of large NLP models, the increasing memory and computation costs hinder their efficient deployment on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Xiuying Wei , Yunchen Zhang , Xiangguo Zhang , Ruihao Gong , Shanghang Zhang , Qi Zhang , Fengwei Yu , Xianglong Liu

Dynamic factor models have a wide range of applications in econometrics and applied economics. The basic motivation resides in their capability of reducing a large set of time series to only few indicators (factors). If the number of time…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-09-29 Roberto Baragona , Francesco Battaglia

Using methods of statistical mechanics, we analyse the effect of outliers on the supervised learning of a classification problem. The learning strategy aims at selecting informative examples and discarding outliers. We compare two…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-10-31 Rainer Dietrich , Manfred Opper

Extreme activation outliers in Large Language Models (LLMs) critically degrade quantization performance, hindering efficient on-device deployment. While channel-wise operations and adaptive gradient scaling are recognized causes, practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Jungwoo Park , Taewhoo Lee , Chanwoong Yoon , Hyeon Hwang , Jaewoo Kang

Modern recurrent layers are emerging as a promising path toward edge deployment of foundation models, especially in the context of large language models (LLMs). Compressing the whole input sequence in a finite-dimensional representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Alessandro Pierro , Steven Abreu

With the growing size of large language models, the role of quantization becomes increasingly significant. However, outliers present in weights or activations notably influence the performance of quantized models. Recently,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Baohao Liao , Christof Monz

This paper explores the improvement of post-training quantization (PTQ) after knowledge distillation in the Whisper speech foundation model family. We address the challenge of outliers in weights and activation tensors, known to impede…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Dominik Wagner , Ilja Baumann , Korbinian Riedhammer , Tobias Bocklet

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) enhances the efficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) by enabling faster operation and compatibility with more accessible hardware through reduced memory usage, at the cost of small performance drops. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Davide Paglieri , Saurabh Dash , Tim Rocktäschel , Jack Parker-Holder

While Transformer-based language models are generally very robust to pruning, there is the recently discovered outlier phenomenon: disabling only 48 out of 110M parameters in BERT-base drops its performance by nearly 30% on MNLI. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Giovanni Puccetti , Anna Rogers , Aleksandr Drozd , Felice Dell'Orletta

We identify a new phenomenon in neural network optimization which arises from the interaction of depth and a particular heavy-tailed structure in natural data. Our result offers intuitive explanations for several previously reported…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Elan Rosenfeld , Andrej Risteski

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong generalization across a wide range of tasks. Reasoning with LLMs is central to solving multi-step problems and complex decision-making. To support efficient reasoning, recent studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jindong Li , Yali Fu , Li Fan , Jiahong Liu , Yao Shu , Chengwei Qin , Menglin Yang , Irwin King , Rex Ying

Large language models (LLMs) based on transformer architectures are typically described through collections of architectural components and training procedures, obscuring their underlying computational structure. This review article…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Vikram Krishnamurthy

Since the advent of ChatGPT, Large Language Models (LLMs) have excelled in various tasks but remain as black-box systems. Understanding the reasoning bottlenecks of LLMs has become a critical challenge, as these limitations are deeply tied…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Zifan Zheng , Yezhaohui Wang , Yuxin Huang , Shichao Song , Mingchuan Yang , Bo Tang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li

Large language models (LLMs) take sequences of subwords as input, requiring them to effective compose subword representations into meaningful word-level representations. In this paper, we present a comprehensive set of experiments to probe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Qiwei Peng , Yekun Chai , Anders Søgaard

This study deals with the problem of outliers in ordinal response model, which is a regression on ordered categorical data as the response variable. ``Outlier" means that the combination of ordered categorical data and its covariates is…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-29 Tomotaka Momozaki , Tomoyuki Nakagawa

Large language models (LLM) have emerged as a powerful tool for AI, with the key ability of in-context learning (ICL), where they can perform well on unseen tasks based on a brief series of task examples without necessitating any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Zhenmei Shi , Junyi Wei , Zhuoyan Xu , Yingyu Liang
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