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Token communications (TokCom) is an emerging generative semantic communication concept that reduces transmission rates by using context and multimodal large language model (MLLM)-based token processing, with tokens serving as universal…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Li Qiao , Mahdi Boloursaz Mashhadi , Zhen Gao , Robert Schober , Deniz Gündüz

Semantic communication serves as a novel paradigm and attracts the broad interest of researchers. One critical aspect of it is the multi-user semantic communication theory, which can further promote its application to the practical network…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-21 Weizhi Li , Haotai Liang , Chen Dong , Xiaodong Xu , Ping Zhang , Kaijun Liu

In this paper, we introduce token communications (TokCom), a large model-driven framework to leverage cross-modal context information in generative semantic communications (GenSC). TokCom is a new paradigm, motivated by the recent success…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Li Qiao , Mahdi Boloursaz Mashhadi , Zhen Gao , Rahim Tafazolli , Mehdi Bennis , Dusit Niyato

This article investigates the exploitation of semantic communications in multi-user networks. We propose a novel heterogeneous semantic and bit multi-user framework for providing flawless, customized, and intelligent information…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Xidong Mu , Yuanwei Liu

Inter-user interference remains a critical bottleneck in wireless communication systems, particularly in the emerging paradigm of semantic communication (SemCom). Compared to traditional systems, inter-user interference in SemCom severely…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Maojun Zhang , Guangxu Zhu , Xiaoming Chen , Kaibin Huang , Zhaoyang Zhang

Multiple access is the base for increasing the capacity in multi-user communication networks. However, the growing demand for higher data rates and the number of users who requires communication services has led to the scarcity of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Victor Monzon Baeza

In recent years, the Transformer architecture has achieved outstanding performance across a wide range of tasks and modalities. Token is the unified input and output representation in Transformer-based models, which has become a fundamental…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-20 Jingkai Ying , Zhijin Qin , Yulong Feng , Liejun Wang , Xiaoming Tao

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NoMA) as an efficient way of radio resource sharing can root back to the network information theory. For generations of wireless communication systems design, orthogonal multiple access (OMA) schemes in time,…

Semantic communication is a new paradigm that exploits deep learning models to enable end-to-end communications processes, and recent studies have shown that it can achieve better noise resiliency compared with traditional communication…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-28 Wenyu Zhang , Kaiyuan Bai , Sherali Zeadally , Haijun Zhang , Hua Shao , Hui Ma , Victor C. M. Leung

We consider multiple transmitters aiming to communicate their source signals (e.g., images) over a multiple access channel (MAC). Conventional communication systems minimize interference by orthogonally allocating resources (time and/or…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Selim F. Yilmaz , Can Karamanli , Deniz Gunduz

This study focuses on (traditional and unsourced) multiple-access communication over a single transmit and multiple ($M$) receive antennas. We assume full or partial channel state information (CSI) at the receiver. It is known that to fully…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Alexander Fengler , Alejandro Lancho , Yury Polyanskiy

Semantic communication aims to transmit information most relevant to a task rather than raw data, offering significant gains in communication efficiency for applications such as telepresence, augmented reality, and remote sensing. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Matin Mortaheb , Erciyes Karakaya , Sennur Ulukus

Token Communication (TokenCom) is a new paradigm, motivated by the recent success of Large AI Models (LAMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), where tokens serve as unified units of communication and computation, enabling…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Jingxuan Men , Mahdi Boloursaz Mashhadi , Ning Wang , Yi Ma , Mike Nilsson , Rahim Tafazolli

Multiple access (MA) design is investigated for facilitating the coexistence of the emerging semantic transmission and the conventional bit-based transmission in future networks. The semantic rate is considered for measuring the performance…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Xidong Mu , Yuanwei Liu , Li Guo , Naofal Al-Dhahir

With the ever-increasing user density and quality of service (QoS) demand,5G networks with limited spectrum resources are facing massive access challenges. To address these challenges, in this paper, we propose a novel discrete semantic…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-12 Shuai Ma , Chuanhui Zhang , Bin Shen , Youlong Wu , Hang Li , Shiyin Li , Guangming Shi , Naofal Al-Dhahir

In Transformer architectures, tokens\textemdash discrete units derived from raw data\textemdash are formed by segmenting inputs into fixed-length chunks. Each token is then mapped to an embedding, enabling parallel attention computations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhenglun Kong , Yize Li , Fanhu Zeng , Lei Xin , Shvat Messica , Xue Lin , Pu Zhao , Manolis Kellis , Hao Tang , Marinka Zitnik

This work introduces a new perspective for physical media sharing in multiuser communication by jointly considering (i) the meaning of the transmitted message and (ii) its function at the end user. Specifically, we have defined a scenario…

With the emergence of large model-based agents, widely adopted transformer-based architectures inevitably produce excessively long token embeddings for transmission, which may result in high bandwidth overhead, increased power consumption…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Junhe Zhang , Wanli Ni , Pengwei Wang , Dongyu Wang

The fifth generation wireless networks focus on the design of low latency, high data rate, high reliability, and massive connectivity communications. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is an essential enabling technology to accommodate…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-28 Fan Wei , Wen Chen , Yong peng Wu , Jun Li , Yuan Luo

Satellite-ground semantic communication (SemCom) is expected to play a pivotal role in convergence of communication and AI (ComAI), particularly in enabling intelligent and efficient multi-user data transmission. However, the inherent…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-27 Hui Cao , Rui Meng , Shujun Han , Song Gao , Xiaodong Xu , Ping Zhang
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