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Incorporating every annotator's perspective is crucial for unbiased data modeling. Annotator fatigue and changing opinions over time can distort dataset annotations. To combat this, we propose to learn a more accurate representation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Uthman Jinadu , Yi Ding

Most adversarial attack methods that are designed to deceive a text classifier change the text classifier's prediction by modifying a few words or characters. Few try to attack classifiers by rewriting a whole sentence, due to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Lei Xu , Ivan Ramirez , Kalyan Veeramachaneni

In multiple-choice exams, students select one answer from among typically four choices and can explain why they made that particular choice. Students are good at understanding natural language questions and based on their domain knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Jennifer D'Souza , Isaiah Onando Mulang' , Soeren Auer

Reward models (RMs) play a critical role in aligning language models through the process of reinforcement learning from human feedback. RMs are trained to predict a score reflecting human preference, which requires significant time and cost…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Zihuiwen Ye , Fraser Greenlee-Scott , Max Bartolo , Phil Blunsom , Jon Ander Campos , Matthias Gallé

Product ranking is a crucial component for many e-commerce services. One of the major challenges in product search is the vocabulary mismatch between query and products, which may be a larger vocabulary gap problem compared to other…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Xuyang Wu , Alessandro Magnani , Suthee Chaidaroon , Ajit Puthenputhussery , Ciya Liao , Yi Fang

Lexical Substitution discovers appropriate substitutes for a given target word in a context sentence. However, the task fails to consider substitutes that are of equal or higher proficiency than the target, an aspect that could be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Xuanming Zhang , Zixun Chen , Zhou Yu

Cutting-edge abstractive summarisers generate fluent summaries, but the factuality of the generated text is not guaranteed. Early summary factuality evaluation metrics are usually based on n-gram overlap and embedding similarity, but are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Yuxuan Ye , Edwin Simpson , Raul Santos Rodriguez

Despite the success of distributional semantics, composing phrases from word vectors remains an important challenge. Several methods have been tried for benchmark tasks such as sentiment classification, including word vector averaging,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-12-14 Pranjal Singh , Amitabha Mukerjee

The study of the applicability of the BERTScore metric was conducted to translation quality assessment at the sentence level for English -> Russian direction. Experiments were performed with a pre-trained Multilingual BERT as well as with a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-01 A. A. Vetrov , E. A. Gorn

What are the limits of automated Twitter sentiment classification? We analyze a large set of manually labeled tweets in different languages, use them as training data, and construct automated classification models. It turns out that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Igor Mozetic , Miha Grcar , Jasmina Smailovic

Large language models exhibit strong reasoning capabilities, yet often rely on shortcuts such as surface pattern matching and answer memorization rather than genuine logical inference. We propose Shortcut-Aware Reasoning Training (SART), a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Hongyu Cao , Kunpeng Liu , Dongjie Wang , Yanjie Fu

Machine learning classification tasks often benefit from predicting a set of possible labels with confidence scores to capture uncertainty. However, existing methods struggle with the high-dimensional nature of the data and the lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Rui Luo , Zhixin Zhou

An automatic word classification system has been designed which processes word unigram and bigram frequency statistics extracted from a corpus of natural language utterances. The system implements a binary top-down form of word clustering…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2016-08-31 John McMahon , F. J. Smith

Lexical simplification (LS) aims to replace complex words in a given sentence with their simpler alternatives of equivalent meaning, to simplify the sentence. Recently unsupervised lexical simplification approaches only rely on the complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Jipeng Qiang , Yun Li , Yi Zhu , Yunhao Yuan , Xindong Wu

As research on machine translation moves to translating text beyond the sentence level, it remains unclear how effective automatic evaluation metrics are at scoring longer translations. In this work, we first propose a method for creating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Daniel Deutsch , Juraj Juraska , Mara Finkelstein , Markus Freitag

State-of-the-art machine learning models require access to significant amount of annotated data in order to achieve the desired level of performance. While unlabelled data can be largely available and even abundant, annotation process can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Rahaf Aljundi , Nikolay Chumerin , Daniel Olmeda Reino

Studies of writing revisions rarely focus on revision quality. To address this issue, we introduce a corpus of between-draft revisions of student argumentative essays, annotated as to whether each revision improves essay quality. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Tazin Afrin , Diane Litman

Sentence ordering aims to arrange the sentences of a given text in the correct order. Recent work frames it as a ranking problem and applies deep neural networks to it. In this work, we propose a new method, named BERT4SO, by fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Yutao Zhu , Jian-Yun Nie , Kun Zhou , Shengchao Liu , Yabo Ling , Pan Du

Learning-to-rank (LTR) is a class of supervised learning techniques that apply to ranking problems dealing with a large number of features. The popularity and widespread application of LTR models in prioritizing information in a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Jaspreet Singh , Zhenye Wang , Megha Khosla , Avishek Anand

Imputation is an attractive tool for dealing with the widespread issue of missing values. Consequently, studying and developing imputation methods has been an active field of research over the last decade. Faced with an imputation task and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-16 Jeffrey Näf , Krystyna Grzesiak , Erwan Scornet