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Diffusion models generalize well in practice. However, an optimal diffusion model fully memorizes the training data and therefore fails to generalize, raising the question of what induces generalization in a real diffusion model. We show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Tim Kaiser , Markus Kollmann

Diffusion models are powerful generative models that map noise to data using stochastic processes. However, for many applications such as image editing, the model input comes from a distribution that is not random noise. As such, diffusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Linqi Zhou , Aaron Lou , Samar Khanna , Stefano Ermon

Image restoration aims to enhance low quality images, producing high quality images that exhibit natural visual characteristics and fine semantic attributes. Recently, the diffusion model has emerged as a powerful technique for image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Jiangtong Tan , Feng Zhao

Deep generative models such as diffusion and flow matching are powerful machine learning tools capable of learning and sampling from high-dimensional distributions. They are particularly useful when the training data appears to be…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-04-30 Zachary Bogorad , Ibrahim Elsharkawy , Yonatan Kahn , Andrew J. Larkoski , Noam Levi

Denoising diffusion models have emerged as the go-to generative framework for solving inverse problems in imaging. A critical concern regarding these models is their performance on out-of-distribution tasks, which remains an under-explored…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Riccardo Barbano , Alexander Denker , Hyungjin Chung , Tae Hoon Roh , Simon Arridge , Peter Maass , Bangti Jin , Jong Chul Ye

Diffusion models have shown remarkable performance on many generative tasks. Despite recent success, most diffusion models are restricted in that they only allow linear transformation of the data distribution. In contrast, broader family of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Grigory Bartosh , Dmitry Vetrov , Christian A. Naesseth

Diffusion models generate new samples by progressively decreasing the noise from the initially provided random distribution. This inference procedure generally utilizes a trained neural network numerous times to obtain the final output,…

Denosing diffusion model, as a generative model, has received a lot of attention in the field of image generation recently, thanks to its powerful generation capability. However, diffusion models have not yet received sufficient research in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-12 ZiHan Cao , ShiQi Cao , Xiao Wu , JunMing Hou , Ran Ran , Liang-Jian Deng

Diffusion models are a class of generative models that serve to establish a stochastic transport map between an empirically observed, yet unknown, target distribution and a known prior. Despite their remarkable success in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Puheng Li , Zhong Li , Huishuai Zhang , Jiang Bian

There has been a longstanding belief that generation can facilitate a true understanding of visual data. In line with this, we revisit generatively pre-training visual representations in light of recent interest in denoising diffusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Chen Wei , Karttikeya Mangalam , Po-Yao Huang , Yanghao Li , Haoqi Fan , Hu Xu , Huiyu Wang , Cihang Xie , Alan Yuille , Christoph Feichtenhofer

Joint machine learning models that allow synthesizing and classifying data often offer uneven performance between those tasks or are unstable to train. In this work, we depart from a set of empirical observations that indicate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Kamil Deja , Tomasz Trzcinski , Jakub M. Tomczak

This book presents the core principles that have guided the development of diffusion models, tracing their origins and showing how diverse formulations arise from shared mathematical ideas. Diffusion modeling starts by defining a forward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chieh-Hsin Lai , Yang Song , Dongjun Kim , Yuki Mitsufuji , Stefano Ermon

Conditional diffusion probabilistic models can model the distribution of natural images and can generate diverse and realistic samples based on given conditions. However, oftentimes their results can be unrealistic with observable color…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-15 Kangfu Mei , Nithin Gopalakrishnan Nair , Vishal M. Patel

Diffusion models have garnered significant attention since they can effectively learn complex multivariate Gaussian distributions, resulting in diverse, high-quality outcomes. They introduce Gaussian noise into training data and reconstruct…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Vidya Prasad , Chen Zhu-Tian , Anna Vilanova , Hanspeter Pfister , Nicola Pezzotti , Hendrik Strobelt

Diffusion-based methods represented as stochastic differential equations on a continuous-time domain have recently proven successful as a non-adversarial generative model. Training such models relies on denoising score matching, which can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Sarthak Mittal , Korbinian Abstreiter , Stefan Bauer , Bernhard Schölkopf , Arash Mehrjou

Diffusion models have emerged as powerful generative tools with applications in computer vision and scientific machine learning (SciML), where they have been used to solve large-scale probabilistic inverse problems. Traditionally, these…

Diffusion models have demonstrated remarkable success in various image generation tasks, but their performance is often limited by the uniform processing of inputs across varying conditions and noise levels. To address this limitation, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Minglei Shi , Ziyang Yuan , Haotian Yang , Xintao Wang , Mingwu Zheng , Xin Tao , Wenliang Zhao , Wenzhao Zheng , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu , Pengfei Wan , Di Zhang , Kun Gai

We present a concise, self-contained derivation of diffusion-based generative models. Starting from basic properties of Gaussian distributions (densities, quadratic expectations, re-parameterisation, products, and KL divergences), we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Sepehr Maleki , Negar Pourmoazemi

Diffusion models for continuous data gained widespread adoption owing to their high quality generation and control mechanisms. However, controllable diffusion on discrete data faces challenges given that continuous guidance methods do not…

Previous raw image-based low-light image enhancement methods predominantly relied on feed-forward neural networks to learn deterministic mappings from low-light to normally-exposed images. However, they failed to capture critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Yufei Wang , Yi Yu , Wenhan Yang , Lanqing Guo , Lap-Pui Chau , Alex C. Kot , Bihan Wen
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