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In this study, we use the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) to explore factorization and event-plane correlations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Our analyses incorporate both numerical simulations and publicly available data from…

Fluctuation and correlation observables are often measured using multi-particle correlation methods and therefore mutually probe the origins of genuine correlations present in multi-particle distribution functions. We investigate the common…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-06-11 Sean Gavin , George Moschelli

We show that the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) is an effective tool for mitigating non-flow effects in flow analysis. To this end, one constructs two toy models that simulate non-flow contributions corresponding to particle decay and…

We explore the possibility of evaluating flow harmonics by employing the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). For a given finite multiplicity, the MLE simultaneously furnishes estimations for all the parameters of the underlying distribution…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-08-16 Chong Ye , Wei-Liang Qian , Rui-Hong Yue , Yogiro Hama , Takeshi Kodama

We present a number of independent flow observables that can be measured using multiparticle azimuthal correlations in heavy-ion collisions. Some of these observables are already well known, such as v2{2} and v2{4}, but most are new--in…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2012-06-18 Rajeev S. Bhalerao , Matthew Luzum , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

We propose Elliptic Power and Power parameterizations for the probability distribution of initial state anisotropies in heavy-ion collisions. By assuming a linear eccentricity scaling, the new parameterizations can also be applied to…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-03-04 Li Yan , Jean-Yves Ollitrault , Art M. Poskanzer

Flow Matching (FM) models achieve remarkable results in generative tasks. Building upon diffusion models, FM's simulation-free training paradigm enables simplicity and efficiency but introduces a train-inference gap: model outputs cannot be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zhaoyi Li , Jingtao Ding , Yong Li , Shihua Li

Flow has emerged as a crucial probe for the properties of the thermalized medium produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The evolution of initial state fluctuations leaves imprints on the power spectrum of flow coefficients.…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-06-29 Shreyansh S. Dave , Saumia P. S. , Ajit M. Srivastava

We investigate the possibility of selecting heavy ion collision events with certain features in the initial state ("event engineering"). Anisotropic flow measurements in heavy ion reactions have confirmed the almost ideal fluid dynamical…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-11-13 Hannah Petersen , Berndt Muller

We review the phenomenology and theory of bulk observables in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, focussing on recent developments involving event-by-event fluctuations in the initial stages of a heavy ion collision, and how they…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-06-03 Matthew Luzum , Hannah Petersen

We present the generalization of recently introduced observables for the studies of correlated fluctuations of different anisotropic flow amplitudes, dubbed Symmetric Cumulants. We introduce a new set of higher order observables and outline…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2020-08-19 Cindy Mordasini , Ante Bilandzic , Deniz Karakoç , Seyed Farid Taghavi

One of the greatest uncertainties in heavy-ion collisions is the description of the initial state. Different models predict a wide range of initial energy density distributions based on their underlying assumptions. Final flow harmonics are…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-07-28 Patrick Carzon , Matthew D. Sievert , Jacquelyn Noronha-Hostler

In the context of event-by-event hydrodynamic description, we analyze the implications of two models characterized by distinct initial conditions. The initial energy density of the first model adopts a Gaussian-type distribution, while…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-04-02 Dan Wen , Kai Lin , Wei-Liang Qian , Bin Wang , Yogiro Hama , Takeshi Kodama

We present a systematic study of the effects due to initial condition fluctuations in systems formed by heavy-ion collisions using the hydrodynamical simulation code NeXSPheRIO. The study was based on a sample of events generated simulating…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2012-06-04 Rafael Derradi de Souza , Jun Takahashi , Takeshi Kodama , Paul Sorensen

In relativistic heavy-ion collisions, event-by-event fluctuations are known to have non-trivial implications. Even though the probability distribution is geometrically isotropic for the initial conditions, the anisotropic $\varepsilon_n$…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-04-04 Wei-Liang Qian , Kai Lin , Chong Ye , Jin Li , Yu Pan , Rui-Hong Yue

Principal stratification is a widely used framework for addressing post-randomization complications. After using principal stratification to define causal effects of interest, researchers are increasingly turning to finite mixture models to…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-20 Avi Feller , Evan Greif , Nhat Ho , Luke Miratrix , Natesh Pillai

We propose a new class of charge-conjugation-odd flow observables and use them to investigate the dynamics of conserved currents in simulations of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Inspired by the success of the initial energy and momentum…

Event-by-event fluctuations in the initial density distributions of the fireballs created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions lead to event-by-event fluctuations of the final anisotropic flow angles, and density inhomogeneities in the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-01 Ulrich W. Heinz , Zhi Qiu , Chun Shen

With A Multi-Phase Transport (AMPT) model we investigate the relation between the magnitude, fluctuations and correlations of the initial state spatial anisotropy $\varepsilon_{n}$ and the final state anisotropic flow coefficients $v_{n}$…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2016-03-23 You Zhou , Kai Xiao , Zhao Feng , Feng Liu , Raimond Snellings

The purpose of this work is to study the effect of exchanging initial condition models in a modular hybrid approach. The focus lies on the event-by-event correlations of elliptic and triangular flow. This study is performed in the hybrid…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-12-11 Niklas Götz , Lucas Constantin , Hannah Elfner
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