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Encoder-decoder models have made great progress on handwritten mathematical expression recognition recently. However, it is still a challenge for existing methods to assign attention to image features accurately. Moreover, those…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Wenqi Zhao , Liangcai Gao , Zuoyu Yan , Shuai Peng , Lin Du , Ziyin Zhang

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) is an important research direction in handwriting recognition. The performance of HMER suffers from the two-dimensional structure of mathematical expressions (MEs). To address this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Zhe Li , Lianwen Jin , Songxuan Lai , Yecheng Zhu

The Transformer-based encoder-decoder architecture has recently made significant advances in recognizing handwritten mathematical expressions. However, the transformer model still suffers from the lack of coverage problem, making its…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Wenqi Zhao , Liangcai Gao

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) is challenging in image-to-text tasks due to the complex layouts of mathematical expressions and suffers from problems including over-parsing and under-parsing. To solve these, previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Yutian Liu , Wenjun Ke , Jianguo Wei

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) remains a persistent challenge in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) due to the inherent freedom of symbol layouts and variability in handwriting styles. Prior methods have faced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yu Li , Jin Jiang , Jianhua Zhu , Shuai Peng , Baole Wei , Yuxuan Zhou , Liangcai Gao

Offline Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) is a major area in the field of mathematical expression recognition. Offline HMER is often viewed as a much harder problem as compared to online HMER due to a lack of temporal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Ujjwal Thakur , Anuj Sharma

Recently, Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) has gained considerable attention in pattern recognition for its diverse applications in document understanding. Current methods typically approach HMER as an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Chenyu Liu , Jia Pan , Jinshui Hu , Baocai Yin , Bing Yin , Mingjun Chen , Cong Liu , Jun Du , Qingfeng Liu

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) has wide applications in human-machine interaction scenarios, such as digitized education and automated offices. Recently, sequence-based models with encoder-decoder architectures have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Tongkun Guan , Chengyu Lin , Wei Shen , Xiaokang Yang

Recognition of Handwritten Mathematical Expressions (HMEs) is a challenging problem because of the ambiguity and complexity of two-dimensional handwriting. Moreover, the lack of large training data is a serious issue, especially for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Anh Duc Le , Bipin Indurkhya , Masaki Nakagawa

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) requires reasoning over diverse symbols and 2D structural layouts, yet autoregressive models struggle with exposure bias and syntactic inconsistency. We present a discrete diffusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Takaya Kawakatsu , Ryo Ishiyama

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) has extensive applications in automated grading and office automation. However, existing sequence-based decoding methods, which directly predict $\LaTeX$ sequences, struggle to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Jianhua Zhu , Wenqi Zhao , Yu Li , Xingjian Hu , Liangcai Gao

Due to its widespread applications, human action recognition is one of the most widely studied research problems in Computer Vision. Recent studies have shown that addressing it using multimodal data leads to superior performance as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Muhammad Bilal Shaikh , Syed Mohammed Shamsul Islam , Douglas Chai , Naveed Akhtar

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) is a challenging task that has many potential applications. Recent methods for HMER have achieved outstanding performance with an encoder-decoder architecture. However, these methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Ye Yuan , Xiao Liu , Wondimu Dikubab , Hui Liu , Zhilong Ji , Zhongqin Wu , Xiang Bai

Handwritten Arabic script recognition is a challenging task due to the script's dynamic letter forms and contextual variations. This paper proposes a hybrid approach combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and Transformer-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Chaouki Boufenar , Mehdi Ayoub Rabiai , Boualem Nadjib Zahaf , Khelil Rafik Ouaras

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition is a challenging problem due to the complicated two-dimensional structures, ambiguous handwriting input and variant scales of handwritten math symbols. To settle this problem, we utilize the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-01 Jianshu Zhang , Jun Du , Lirong Dai

In this paper, a robust multiscale neural network is proposed to recognize handwritten mathematical expressions and output LaTeX sequences, which can effectively and correctly focus on where each step of output should be concerned and has a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Hongyu Wang , Guangcun Shan

Recently, the hybrid convolutional neural network hidden Markov model (CNN-HMM) has been introduced for offline handwritten Chinese text recognition (HCTR) and has achieved state-of-the-art performance. However, modeling each of the large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Zi-Rui Wang , Jun Du , Jia-Ming Wang

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) suffers from complex formula structures and character layouts in sequence prediction. In this paper, we incorporate frequency domain analysis into HMER and propose a method that marries…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Huanxin Yang , Qiwen Wang

Micro-expressions recognition (MER) has essential application value in many fields, but the short duration and low intensity of micro-expressions (MEs) bring considerable challenges to MER. The current MER methods in deep learning mainly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Liangyu Fu , Xuecheng Wu , Danlei Huang , Xinyi Yin

Recently, most handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) methods adopt the encoder-decoder networks, which directly predict the markup sequences from formula images with the attention mechanism. However, such methods may fail…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Bohan Li , Ye Yuan , Dingkang Liang , Xiao Liu , Zhilong Ji , Jinfeng Bai , Wenyu Liu , Xiang Bai
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