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Related papers: MELON: Provable Defense Against Indirect Prompt In…

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As LLM agents transition from digital assistants to physical controllers in autonomous systems and robotics, they face an escalating threat from indirect prompt injection. By embedding adversarial instructions into the results of tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Qiang Yu , Xinran Cheng , Chuanyi Liu

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are susceptible to Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI) attacks, where malicious instructions in retrieved content hijack the agent's execution. Existing defenses typically rely on strict filtering or refusal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Che Wang , Fuyao Zhang , Jiaming Zhang , Ziqi Zhang , Yinghui Wang , Longtao Huang , Jianbo Gao , Zhong Chen , Wei Yang Bryan Lim

Large Language Model (LLM) agents exhibit remarkable performance across diverse applications by using external tools to interact with environments. However, integrating external tools introduces security risks, such as indirect prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Qiusi Zhan , Richard Fang , Henil Shalin Panchal , Daniel Kang

AI agents, predominantly powered by large language models (LLMs), are vulnerable to indirect prompt injection, in which malicious instructions embedded in untrusted data can trigger dangerous agent actions. This position paper discusses our…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Chong Xiang , Drew Zagieboylo , Shaona Ghosh , Sanjay Kariyappa , Kai Greshake , Hanshen Xiao , Chaowei Xiao , G. Edward Suh

Large language model (LLM) agents are widely deployed in real-world applications, where they leverage tools to retrieve and manipulate external data for complex tasks. However, when interacting with untrusted data sources (e.g., fetching…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Hengyu An , Jinghuai Zhang , Tianyu Du , Chunyi Zhou , Qingming Li , Tao Lin , Shouling Ji

The rapid deployment of open-source frameworks has significantly advanced the development of modern multi-agent systems. However, expanded action spaces, including uncontrolled privilege exposure and hidden inter-system interactions, pose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Wenhui Zhu , Xuanzhao Dong , Xiwen Chen , Rui Cai , Peijie Qiu , Zhipeng Wang , Oana Frunza , Shao Tang , Jindong Gu , Yalin Wang

As AI agents automate critical workloads, they remain vulnerable to indirect prompt injection (IPI) attacks. Current defenses rely on monitoring protocols that jointly evaluate an agent's Chain-of-Thought (CoT) and tool-use actions to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Jafar Isbarov , Murat Kantarcioglu

LLM-based agents are increasingly deployed for complex tasks requiring planning, tool use, and interaction with external services. Their reliance on untrusted external content exposes them to indirect prompt injection (IPI), in which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zixuan Chen , Jiaxiang Chen , Li Luo , Ke Xu , Xiaoxiang Huang , Tanfeng Sun , Xinghao Jiang

The integration of external data services (e.g., Model Context Protocol, MCP) has made large language model-based agents increasingly powerful for complex task execution. However, this advancement introduces critical security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Che Wang , Jiaming Zhang , Ziqi Zhang , Zijie Wang , Yinghui Wang , Jianbo Gao , Tao Wei , Zhong Chen , Wei Yang Bryan Lim

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly rely on external tools and retrieval systems to autonomously complete complex tasks. However, this design exposes agents to indirect prompt injection (IPI), where attacker-controlled context…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Tian Zhang , Yiwei Xu , Juan Wang , Keyan Guo , Xiaoyang Xu , Bowen Xiao , Quanlong Guan , Jinlin Fan , Jiawei Liu , Zhiquan Liu , Hongxin Hu

Despite their potential, recent research has demonstrated that LLM agents are vulnerable to prompt injection attacks, where malicious prompts are injected into the agent's input, causing it to perform an attacker-specified task rather than…

Recent work has embodied LLMs as agents, allowing them to access tools, perform actions, and interact with external content (e.g., emails or websites). However, external content introduces the risk of indirect prompt injection (IPI)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Qiusi Zhan , Zhixiang Liang , Zifan Ying , Daniel Kang

LLM agents are highly vulnerable to Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI), where adversaries embed malicious directives in untrusted tool outputs to hijack execution. Most existing defenses treat IPI as an input-level semantic discrimination…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Yu He , Haozhe Zhu , Yiming Li , Shuo Shao , Hongwei Yao , Zhihao Liu , Zhan Qin

As AI agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly versatile and capable of addressing a broad spectrum of tasks, ensuring their security has become a critical challenge. Among the most pressing threats are prompt…

AI agents are vulnerable to indirect prompt injection attacks, where malicious instructions embedded in external content or tool outputs cause unintended or harmful behavior. Inspired by the well-established concept of firewalls, we show…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Rishika Bhagwatkar , Kevin Kasa , Abhay Puri , Gabriel Huang , Irina Rish , Graham W. Taylor , Krishnamurthy Dj Dvijotham , Alexandre Lacoste

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents with function-calling capabilities are increasingly deployed, but remain vulnerable to Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI) attacks that hijack their tool calls. In response, numerous IPI-centric defense…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Zimo Ji , Xunguang Wang , Zongjie Li , Pingchuan Ma , Yudong Gao , Daoyuan Wu , Xincheng Yan , Tian Tian , Shuai Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been integrated into many applications (e.g., web agents) to perform more sophisticated tasks. However, LLM-empowered applications are vulnerable to Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI) attacks, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Yinan Zhong , Qianhao Miao , Yanjiao Chen , Jiangyi Deng , Yushi Cheng , Wenyuan Xu

With the advancement of technology, large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, powering LLM-integrated applications like Microsoft Copilot. However, as LLMs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yulin Chen , Haoran Li , Zihao Zheng , Yangqiu Song , Dekai Wu , Bryan Hooi

The integration of large language models with external content has enabled applications such as Microsoft Copilot but also introduced vulnerabilities to indirect prompt injection attacks. In these attacks, malicious instructions embedded…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Jingwei Yi , Yueqi Xie , Bin Zhu , Emre Kiciman , Guangzhong Sun , Xing Xie , Fangzhao Wu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) grow increasingly powerful, multi-agent systems are becoming more prevalent in modern AI applications. Most safety research, however, has focused on vulnerabilities in single-agent LLMs. These include prompt…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Donghyun Lee , Mo Tiwari
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