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As the training of giant dense models hits the boundary on the availability and capability of the hardware resources today, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models become one of the most promising model architectures due to their significant…

Imposing known physical constraints, such as conservation laws, during neural network training introduces an inductive bias that can improve accuracy, reliability, convergence, and data efficiency for modeling physical dynamics. While such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Nithin Chalapathi , Yiheng Du , Aditi Krishnapriyan

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) allows scaling of language and vision models efficiently by activating only a small subset of experts per input. While this reduces computation, the large number of parameters still incurs substantial memory…

Large multimodal Mixture-of-Experts (MoEs) effectively scale the model size to boost performance while maintaining fixed active parameters. However, previous works primarily utilized full-precision experts during sparse up-cycling. Despite…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Hongyu Wang , Jiayu Xu , Ruiping Wang , Yan Feng , Yitao Zhai , Peng Pei , Xunliang Cai , Xilin Chen

The sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model is powerful for large-scale pre-training and has achieved promising results due to its model capacity. However, with trillions of parameters, MoE is hard to be deployed on cloud or mobile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Tianyu Chen , Shaohan Huang , Yuan Xie , Binxing Jiao , Daxin Jiang , Haoyi Zhou , Jianxin Li , Furu Wei

The sparsely activated mixture of experts (MoE) model presents a promising alternative to traditional densely activated (dense) models, enhancing both quality and computational efficiency. However, training MoE models from scratch demands…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Xingkui Zhu , Yiran Guan , Dingkang Liang , Yuchao Chen , Yuliang Liu , Xiang Bai

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) decouples model capacity from per-token computation, yet their scalability remains limited by the physical dimensions of depth and width. To overcome this, we propose Mixture of Universal Experts (MOUE),a MoE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yilong Chen , Naibin Gu , Junyuan Shang , Zhenyu Zhang , Yuchen Feng , Jiawei Sheng , Tingwen Liu , Shuohuan Wang , Yu Sun , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable scalable performance by activating large parameter sets sparsely, minimizing computational overhead. To mitigate the prohibitive cost of training MoEs from scratch, recent work employs upcycling,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Qi Wang , Hanyang Peng , Yue Yu

In recent years, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing the capacity of deep neural network (DNN) with sub-linear computational costs. However, storing all experts on GPUs incurs significant memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Suraiya Tairin , Shohaib Mahmud , Haiying Shen , Anand Iyer

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have become central to scaling large language models, yet their mechanistic differences from dense networks remain poorly understood. Previous work has explored how dense models use \textit{superposition} to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Marmik Chaudhari , Jeremi Nuer , Rome Thorstenson

The advancement of deep learning has led to the emergence of Mixture-of-Experts (MoEs) models, known for their dynamic allocation of computational resources based on input. Despite their promise, MoEs face challenges, particularly in terms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Alexandre Muzio , Alex Sun , Churan He

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a prominent architecture for scaling model size while maintaining computational efficiency. In MoE, each token in the input sequence activates a different subset of experts determined by a routing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Chufan Shi , Cheng Yang , Xinyu Zhu , Jiahao Wang , Taiqiang Wu , Siheng Li , Deng Cai , Yujiu Yang , Yu Meng

Mixture-of-Experts large language models (MoE-LLMs) marks a significant step forward of language models, however, they encounter two critical challenges in practice: 1) expert parameters lead to considerable memory consumption and loading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Wei Huang , Yue Liao , Jianhui Liu , Ruifei He , Haoru Tan , Shiming Zhang , Hongsheng Li , Si Liu , Xiaojuan Qi

Mixture of Experts (MoE) offers remarkable performance and computational efficiency by selectively activating subsets of model parameters. Traditionally, MoE models use homogeneous experts, each with identical capacity. However, varying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 An Wang , Xingwu Sun , Ruobing Xie , Shuaipeng Li , Jiaqi Zhu , Zhen Yang , Pinxue Zhao , J. N. Han , Zhanhui Kang , Di Wang , Naoaki Okazaki , Cheng-zhong Xu

Machine learning models based on the aggregated outputs of submodels, either at the activation or prediction levels, often exhibit strong performance compared to individual models. We study the interplay of two popular classes of such…

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered unprecedented advancements across diverse fields, ranging from natural language processing to computer vision and beyond. The prowess of LLMs is underpinned by their substantial model size,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Weilin Cai , Juyong Jiang , Fan Wang , Jing Tang , Sunghun Kim , Jiayi Huang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) represents an ensemble methodology that amalgamates predictions from several specialized sub-models (referred to as experts). This fusion is accomplished through a router mechanism, dynamically assigning weights to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Jinze Zhao , Peihao Wang , Zhangyang Wang

Sparsely-gated Mixture of Experts networks (MoEs) have demonstrated excellent scalability in Natural Language Processing. In Computer Vision, however, almost all performant networks are "dense", that is, every input is processed by every…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Carlos Riquelme , Joan Puigcerver , Basil Mustafa , Maxim Neumann , Rodolphe Jenatton , André Susano Pinto , Daniel Keysers , Neil Houlsby

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture is an important method for scaling Large Language Models (LLMs). It increases model capacity while keeping computation cost low. However, the ultra-large MoE models still have hundreds of billions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yixiao Chen , Yanyue Xie , Ruining Yang , Wei Jiang , Wei Wang , Yong He , Yue Chen , Pu Zhao , Yanzhi Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) enables efficient scaling of large language models by activating only a subset of experts per input token. However, deploying MoE-based models incurs significant memory overhead due to the need to retain all experts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Geng Zhang , Yuxuan Han , Yuxuan Lou , Yiqi Zhang , Wangbo Zhao , Yang You