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Molecular docking, a technique for predicting ligand binding poses, is crucial in structure-based drug design for understanding protein-ligand interactions. Recent advancements in docking methods, particularly those leveraging geometric…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-17 Jiaxian Yan , Zaixi Zhang , Jintao Zhu , Kai Zhang , Jianfeng Pei , Qi Liu

Structure-based drug design (SBDD) focuses on designing small-molecule ligands that bind to specific protein pockets. Computational methods are integral in modern SBDD workflows and often make use of virtual screening methods via docking or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Ian Dunn , Liv Toft , Tyler Katz , Juhi Gupta , Riya Shah , Ramith Hettiarachchi , David R. Koes

Dual-target therapeutic strategies have become a compelling approach and attracted significant attention due to various benefits, such as their potential in overcoming drug resistance in cancer therapy. Considering the tremendous success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Xiangxin Zhou , Jiaqi Guan , Yijia Zhang , Xingang Peng , Liang Wang , Jianzhu Ma

Shape-based virtual screening is widely employed in ligand-based drug design to search chemical libraries for molecules with similar 3D shapes yet novel 2D chemical structures compared to known ligands. 3D deep generative models have the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-10-12 Keir Adams , Connor W. Coley

The field of machine learning for drug discovery is witnessing an explosion of novel methods. These methods are often benchmarked on simple physicochemical properties such as solubility or general druglikeness, which can be readily…

Molecular docking that predicts the bound structures of small molecules (ligands) to their protein targets, plays a vital role in drug discovery. However, existing docking methods often face limitations: they either overlook crucial…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-02-24 Zizhuo Zhang , Lijun Wu , Kaiyuan Gao , Jiangchao Yao , Tao Qin , Bo Han

In recent years, AI-assisted drug design methods have been proposed to generate molecules given the pockets' structures of target proteins. Most of them are atom-level-based methods, which consider atoms as basic components and generate…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-19 Haitao Lin , Yufei Huang , Odin Zhang , Lirong Wu , Siyuan Li , Zhiyuan Chen , Stan Z. Li

Predicting the docking between proteins and ligands is a crucial and challenging task for drug discovery. However, traditional docking methods mainly rely on scoring functions, and deep learning-based docking approaches usually neglect the…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-06 Yiqiang Yi , Xu Wan , Yatao Bian , Le Ou-Yang , Peilin Zhao

Structure-based drug design (SBDD), which aims to generate 3D ligand molecules binding to target proteins, is a fundamental task in drug discovery. Existing SBDD methods typically treat protein as rigid and neglect protein structural change…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-01 Zaixi Zhang , Mengdi Wang , Qi Liu

Structure-based drug design uses three-dimensional geometric information of macromolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, to identify suitable ligands. Geometric deep learning, an emerging concept of neural-network-based machine…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-10-21 Clemens Isert , Kenneth Atz , Gisbert Schneider

Currently, the field of structure-based drug design is dominated by three main types of algorithms: search-based algorithms, deep generative models, and reinforcement learning. While existing works have typically focused on comparing models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Kangyu Zheng , Kai Zhang , Jiale Tan , Xuehan Chen , Yingzhou Lu , Zaixi Zhang , Lichao Sun , Marinka Zitnik , Tianfan Fu , Zhiding Liang

Proteins in complex with small molecule ligands represent the core of structure-based drug discovery. However, three-dimensional representations are absent from most deep-learning-based generative models. We here present a graph-based…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-04-07 Seung-gu Kang , Jeffrey K. Weber , Joseph A. Morrone , Leili Zhang , Tien Huynh , Wendy D. Cornell

Structure-based drug design (SBDD) faces a fundamental scaling fidelity dilemma: rich pocket-aware conditioning captures interaction geometry but can be costly, often scales quadratically ($O(L^2)$) or worse with protein length ($L$), while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Samyak Sanghvi , Nishant Ranjan , Tarak Karmakar

Molecular docking plays a crucial role in predicting the binding mode of ligands to target proteins, and covalent interactions, which involve the formation of a covalent bond between the ligand and the target, are particularly valuable due…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-27 Yangzhe Peng , Kaiyuan Gao , Liang He , Yuheng Cong , Haiguang Liu , Kun He , Lijun Wu

Deep learning has achieved tremendous success in designing novel chemical compounds with desirable pharmaceutical properties. In this work, we focus on a new type of drug design problem -- generating a small "linker" to physically attach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Yinan Huang , Xingang Peng , Jianzhu Ma , Muhan Zhang

Generative deep learning has become pivotal in molecular design for drug discovery, materials science, and chemical engineering. A widely used paradigm is to pretrain neural networks on string representations of molecules and fine-tune them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Jonathan Pirnay , Jan G. Rittig , Alexander B. Wolf , Martin Grohe , Jakob Burger , Alexander Mitsos , Dominik G. Grimm

Generative models for molecules based on sequential line notation (e.g. SMILES) or graph representation have attracted an increasing interest in the field of structure-based drug design, but they struggle to capture important 3D spatial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Wei Feng , Lvwei Wang , Zaiyun Lin , Yanhao Zhu , Han Wang , Jianqiang Dong , Rong Bai , Huting Wang , Jielong Zhou , Wei Peng , Bo Huang , Wenbiao Zhou

Dual-target structure-based drug design aims to generate a single ligand together with two pocket-specific binding poses, each compatible with a corresponding target pocket, enabling polypharmacological therapies with improved efficacy and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Jianliang Wu , Anjie Qiao , Zhen Wang , Zhewei Wei , Sheng Chen

Currently, the field of structure-based drug design is dominated by three main types of algorithms: search-based algorithms, deep generative models, and reinforcement learning. While existing works have typically focused on comparing models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Kangyu Zheng , Yingzhou Lu , Zaixi Zhang , Zhongwei Wan , Yao Ma , Marinka Zitnik , Tianfan Fu

Linker generation is critical in drug discovery applications such as lead optimization and PROTAC design, where molecular fragments are assembled into diverse drug candidates via molecular linker. Existing methods fall into point cloud-free…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-05-28 Minyeong Hwang , Ziseok Lee , Kwang-Soo Kim , Kyungsu Kim , Eunho Yang