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Logging plays a central role in ensuring reproducibility, observability, and reliability in machine learning (ML) systems. While logging is generally considered a good engineering practice, poorly designed logging can negatively affect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Patrick Loic Foalem , Leuson Da Silva , Foutse Khomh , Heng Li , Ettore Merlo

Building on the computer science concept of code smells, we initiate the study of law smells, i.e., patterns in legal texts that pose threats to the comprehensibility and maintainability of the law. With five intuitive law smells as running…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Corinna Coupette , Dirk Hartung , Janis Beckedorf , Maximilian Böther , Daniel Martin Katz

While a substantial body of prior research has investigated the form and nature of production code, comparatively little attention has examined characteristics of test code, and, in particular, test smells in that code. In this paper, we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Amjed Tahir , Steve Counsell , Stephen G. MacDonell

To reduce technical debt and make code more maintainable, it is important to be able to warn programmers about code smells. State-of-the-art code small detectors use deep learners, without much exploration of alternatives within that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Rahul Yedida , Tim Menzies

CONTEXT: There has been a rapid growth in the use of data analytics to underpin evidence-based software engineering. However the combination of complex techniques, diverse reporting standards and poorly understood underlying phenomena are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Tim Menzies , Martin Shepperd

Spreadsheets are commonly used in organizations as a programming tool for business-related calculations and decision making. Since faults in spreadsheets can have severe business impacts, a number of approaches from general software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Patrick Koch , Konstantin Schekotihin , Dietmar Jannach , Birgit Hofer , Franz Wotawa

Similarly to production code, code smells also occur in test code, where they are called test smells. Test smells have a detrimental effect not only on test code but also on the production code that is being tested. To date, the majority of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Tongjie Wang , Yaroslav Golubev , Oleg Smirnov , Jiawei Li , Timofey Bryksin , Iftekhar Ahmed

The low cost and rapid provisioning capabilities have made open-source cloud a desirable platform to launch industrial applications. However, as open-source cloud moves towards maturity, it still suffers from quality issues like code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Raj Narendra Shah , Sameer Ahmed Mohamed , Asif Imran , Tevfik Kosar

Developing test code may be a time-consuming task that usually requires much effort and cost, especially when it is done manually. Besides, during this process, developers and testers are likely to adopt bad design choices, which may lead…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Nildo Silva Junior , Larissa Rocha , Luana Almeida Martins , Ivan Machado

Code smells are seen as major source of technical debt and, as such, should be detected and removed. However, researchers argue that the subjectiveness of the code smells detection process is a major hindrance to mitigate the problem of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-07 José Pereira dos Reis , Fernando Brito e Abreu , Glauco de Figueiredo Carneiro

Software design debt aims to elucidate the rectification attempts of the present design flaws and studies the influence of those to the cost and time of the software. Design smells are a key cause of incurring design debt. Although the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Asif Imran , Tevfik Kosar

JavaScript has been consistently among the most popular programming languages in the past decade. However, its dynamic, weakly-typed, and asynchronous nature can make it challenging to write maintainable code for developers without in-depth…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Vikas Kambhampati , Nehaz Hussain Mohammed , Amin Milani Fard

Unit testing is an essential component of the software development life-cycle. A developer could easily and quickly catch and fix software faults introduced in the source code by creating and running unit tests. Despite their importance,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Denivan Campos , Larissa Rocha , Ivan Machado

Machine learning (ML) codebases face unprecedented challenges in maintaining code quality and sustainability as their complexity grows exponentially. While traditional code smell detection tools exist, they fail to address ML-specific…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Karthik Shivashankar , Antonio Martini

Context: Test smells are symptoms of sub-optimal design choices adopted when developing test cases. Previous studies have proved their harmfulness for test code maintainability and effectiveness. Therefore, researchers have been proposing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Valeria Pontillo , Dario Amoroso d'Aragona , Fabiano Pecorelli , Dario Di Nucci , Filomena Ferrucci , Fabio Palomba

Context: Code smells (CS) tend to compromise software quality and also demand more effort by developers to maintain and evolve the application throughout its life-cycle. They have long been catalogued with corresponding mitigating solutions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-07 José Pereira dos Reis , Fernando Brito e Abreu , Glauco de Figueiredo Carneiro , Craig Anslow

Software defect prediction is an important aspect of preventive maintenance of a software. Many techniques have been employed to improve software quality through defect prediction. This paper introduces an approach of defect prediction…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-03-09 Junaid Ali Reshi , Satwinder Singh

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced artificial intelligence (AI) in software engineering (SE), with source code embeddings playing a crucial role in tasks such as source code clone detection and source code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zixiang Xian , Chenhui Cui , Rubing Huang , Chunrong Fang , Zhenyu Chen

Code vulnerability detection is crucial for ensuring the security and reliability of modern software systems. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising capabilities in this domain. However, notable discrepancies in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Zhihong Sun , Jia Li , Yao Wan , Chuanyi Li , Hongyu Zhang , Zhi jin , Ge Li , Hong Liu , Chen Lyu , Songlin Hu

Code Smell Detection (CSD) plays a crucial role in improving software quality and maintainability. And Deep Learning (DL) techniques have emerged as a promising approach for CSD due to their superior performance. However, the effectiveness…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Fengji Zhang , Zexian Zhang , Jacky Wai Keung , Xiangru Tang , Zhen Yang , Xiao Yu , Wenhua Hu