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This work, based on Random Matrix Theory (RMT), introduces a novel early-stopping strategy for Transformer training dynamics. Utilizing the Power Law (PL) fit to tansformer attention matrices as a probe, we demarcate training into three…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Jing He , Hua Jiang , Cheng Li , Siqian Xin , Shuzhen Yang

Parallel reasoning enhances Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) but incurs prohibitive costs due to futile paths caused by early errors. To mitigate this, path pruning at the prefix level is essential, yet existing research remains fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Jiaxi Bi , Tongxu Luo , Wenyu Du , Zhengyang Tang , Benyou Wang

We present a detailed analysis of the class of regression decision tree algorithms which employ a regulized piecewise-linear node-splitting criterion and have regularized linear models at the leaves. From a theoretic standpoint, based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Leonidas Lefakis , Oleksandr Zadorozhnyi , Gilles Blanchard

Dynamic regression trees are an attractive option for automatic regression and classification with complicated response surfaces in on-line application settings. We create a sequential tree model whose state changes in time with the…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-11-23 Matthew A. Taddy , Robert B. Gramacy , Nicholas G. Polson

Early time classification algorithms aim to label a stream of features without processing the full input stream, while maintaining accuracy comparable to that achieved by applying the classifier to the entire input. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Liran Ringel , Regev Cohen , Daniel Freedman , Michael Elad , Yaniv Romano

The standard theory of optimal stopping is based on the idealised assumption that the underlying process is essentially known. In this paper, we drop this restriction and study data-driven optimal stopping for a general diffusion process,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-12-12 Sören Christensen , Niklas Dexheimer , Claudia Strauch

This paper shows that decision trees constructed with Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and C4.5 methodology are consistent for regression and classification tasks, even when the number of predictor variables grows…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-15 Jason M. Klusowski , Peter M. Tian

Top-down induction of decision trees has been observed to suffer from the inadequate functioning of the pruning phase. In particular, it is known that the size of the resulting tree grows linearly with the sample size, even though the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-06-06 T. Elomaa , M. Kaariainen

Decision trees are important both as interpretable models amenable to high-stakes decision-making, and as building blocks of ensemble methods such as random forests and gradient boosting. Their statistical properties, however, are not well…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-20 Yan Shuo Tan , Abhineet Agarwal , Bin Yu

Decision trees are popular Classification and Regression tools and, when small-sized, easy to interpret. Traditionally, a greedy approach has been used to build the trees, yielding a very fast training process; however, controlling sparsity…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-24 Rafael Blanquero , Emilio Carrizosa , Cristina Molero-Río , Dolores Romero Morales

Random Forests (RFs) are widely used Machine Learning models in low-power embedded devices, due to their hardware friendly operation and high accuracy on practically relevant tasks. The accuracy of a RF often increases with the number of…

Iterative learning procedures are ubiquitous in machine learning and modern statistics. Regularision is typically required to prevent inflating the expected loss of a procedure in later iterations via the propagation of noise inherent in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-24 Eric Ziebell , Ratmir Miftachov , Bernhard Stankewitz , Laura Hucker

Model trees provide an appealing way to perform interpretable machine learning for both classification and regression problems. In contrast to ``classic'' decision trees with constant values in their leaves, model trees can use linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Sabino Francesco Roselli , Eibe Frank

Decision trees with binary splits are popularly constructed using Classification and Regression Trees (CART) methodology. For regression models, this approach recursively divides the data into two near-homogenous daughter nodes according to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-20 Jason M. Klusowski

Threshold Autoregressive (TAR) models have been widely used by statisticians for non-linear time series forecasting during the past few decades, due to their simplicity and mathematical properties. On the other hand, in the forecasting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Rakshitha Godahewa , Geoffrey I. Webb , Daniel Schmidt , Christoph Bergmeir

We study the convergence of the predictive surface of regression trees and forests. To support our analysis we introduce a notion of adaptive concentration for regression trees. This approach breaks tree training into a model selection…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-03 Stefan Wager , Guenther Walther

Regression trees are one of the oldest forms of AI models, and their predictions can be made without a calculator, which makes them broadly useful, particularly for high-stakes applications. Within the large literature on regression trees,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Rui Zhang , Rui Xin , Margo Seltzer , Cynthia Rudin

The purpose of this paper is two-fold, first, to review a recent method introduced by S. Becker, P. Cheridito, and P. Jentzen, for solving high-dimensional optimal stopping problems using deep Neural Networks, second, to propose an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-25 Sigurd Assing , Xin Zhi

Random forests are widely used in regression. However, the decision trees used as base learners are poor approximators of linear relationships. To address this limitation we propose RaFFLE (Random Forest Featuring Linear Extensions), a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Jakob Raymaekers , Peter J. Rousseeuw , Thomas Servotte , Tim Verdonck , Ruicong Yao

Since their inception in the 1980's, regression trees have been one of the more widely used non-parametric prediction methods. Tree-structured methods yield a histogram reconstruction of the regression surface, where the bins correspond to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-06-17 Veronika Rockova , Stephanie van der Pas