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Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), yet open-source multilingual LLMs remain scarce, with existing models often limited in language coverage. Such models typically prioritize well-resourced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yiran Zhao , Chaoqun Liu , Yue Deng , Jiahao Ying , Mahani Aljunied , Zhaodonghui Li , Lidong Bing , Hou Pong Chan , Yu Rong , Deli Zhao , Wenxuan Zhang

Although recent Massively Multilingual Language Models (MMLMs) like mBERT and XLMR support around 100 languages, most existing multilingual NLP benchmarks provide evaluation data in only a handful of these languages with little linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Kabir Ahuja , Sandipan Dandapat , Sunayana Sitaram , Monojit Choudhury

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate unprecedented capabilities and define the state of the art for almost all natural language processing (NLP) tasks and also for essentially all Language Technology (LT) applications. LLMs can only be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Georg Rehm , Annika Grützner-Zahn , Fabio Barth

The impact of different multilingual data mixtures in pretraining large language models (LLMs) has been a topic of ongoing debate, often raising concerns about potential trade-offs between language coverage and model performance (i.e., the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Negar Foroutan , Paul Teiletche , Ayush Kumar Tarun , Antoine Bosselut

Recent advances in training multilingual language models on large datasets seem to have shown promising results in knowledge transfer across languages and achieve high performance on downstream tasks. However, we question to what extent the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Sara Rajaee , Christof Monz

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) aim towards robust natural language understanding across diverse languages, yet their performance significantly degrades on low-resource languages. This work explores whether existing techniques to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Soumen Kumar Mondal , Sayambhu Sen , Abhishek Singhania , Preethi Jyothi

Cross-lingual representations of words enable us to reason about word meaning in multilingual contexts and are a key facilitator of cross-lingual transfer when developing natural language processing models for low-resource languages. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Sebastian Ruder , Ivan Vulić , Anders Søgaard

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 BigScience Workshop , : , Teven Le Scao , Angela Fan , Christopher Akiki , Ellie Pavlick , Suzana Ilić , Daniel Hesslow , Roman Castagné , Alexandra Sasha Luccioni , François Yvon , Matthias Gallé , Jonathan Tow , Alexander M. Rush , Stella Biderman , Albert Webson , Pawan Sasanka Ammanamanchi , Thomas Wang , Benoît Sagot , Niklas Muennighoff , Albert Villanova del Moral , Olatunji Ruwase , Rachel Bawden , Stas Bekman , Angelina McMillan-Major , Iz Beltagy , Huu Nguyen , Lucile Saulnier , Samson Tan , Pedro Ortiz Suarez , Victor Sanh , Hugo Laurençon , Yacine Jernite , Julien Launay , Margaret Mitchell , Colin Raffel , Aaron Gokaslan , Adi Simhi , Aitor Soroa , Alham Fikri Aji , Amit Alfassy , Anna Rogers , Ariel Kreisberg Nitzav , Canwen Xu , Chenghao Mou , Chris Emezue , Christopher Klamm , Colin Leong , Daniel van Strien , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Dragomir Radev , Eduardo González Ponferrada , Efrat Levkovizh , Ethan Kim , Eyal Bar Natan , Francesco De Toni , Gérard Dupont , Germán Kruszewski , Giada Pistilli , Hady Elsahar , Hamza Benyamina , Hieu Tran , Ian Yu , Idris Abdulmumin , Isaac Johnson , Itziar Gonzalez-Dios , Javier de la Rosa , Jenny Chim , Jesse Dodge , Jian Zhu , Jonathan Chang , Jörg Frohberg , Joseph Tobing , Joydeep Bhattacharjee , Khalid Almubarak , Kimbo Chen , Kyle Lo , Leandro Von Werra , Leon Weber , Long Phan , Loubna Ben allal , Ludovic Tanguy , Manan Dey , Manuel Romero Muñoz , Maraim Masoud , María Grandury , Mario Šaško , Max Huang , Maximin Coavoux , Mayank Singh , Mike Tian-Jian Jiang , Minh Chien Vu , Mohammad A. Jauhar , Mustafa Ghaleb , Nishant Subramani , Nora Kassner , Nurulaqilla Khamis , Olivier Nguyen , Omar Espejel , Ona de Gibert , Paulo Villegas , Peter Henderson , Pierre Colombo , Priscilla Amuok , Quentin Lhoest , Rheza Harliman , Rishi Bommasani , Roberto Luis López , Rui Ribeiro , Salomey Osei , Sampo Pyysalo , Sebastian Nagel , Shamik Bose , Shamsuddeen Hassan Muhammad , Shanya Sharma , Shayne Longpre , Somaieh Nikpoor , Stanislav Silberberg , Suhas Pai , Sydney Zink , Tiago Timponi Torrent , Timo Schick , Tristan Thrush , Valentin Danchev , Vassilina Nikoulina , Veronika Laippala , Violette Lepercq , Vrinda Prabhu , Zaid Alyafeai , Zeerak Talat , Arun Raja , Benjamin Heinzerling , Chenglei Si , Davut Emre Taşar , Elizabeth Salesky , Sabrina J. Mielke , Wilson Y. Lee , Abheesht Sharma , Andrea Santilli , Antoine Chaffin , Arnaud Stiegler , Debajyoti Datta , Eliza Szczechla , Gunjan Chhablani , Han Wang , Harshit Pandey , Hendrik Strobelt , Jason Alan Fries , Jos Rozen , Leo Gao , Lintang Sutawika , M Saiful Bari , Maged S. Al-shaibani , Matteo Manica , Nihal Nayak , Ryan Teehan , Samuel Albanie , Sheng Shen , Srulik Ben-David , Stephen H. Bach , Taewoon Kim , Tali Bers , Thibault Fevry , Trishala Neeraj , Urmish Thakker , Vikas Raunak , Xiangru Tang , Zheng-Xin Yong , Zhiqing Sun , Shaked Brody , Yallow Uri , Hadar Tojarieh , Adam Roberts , Hyung Won Chung , Jaesung Tae , Jason Phang , Ofir Press , Conglong Li , Deepak Narayanan , Hatim Bourfoune , Jared Casper , Jeff Rasley , Max Ryabinin , Mayank Mishra , Minjia Zhang , Mohammad Shoeybi , Myriam Peyrounette , Nicolas Patry , Nouamane Tazi , Omar Sanseviero , Patrick von Platen , Pierre Cornette , Pierre François Lavallée , Rémi Lacroix , Samyam Rajbhandari , Sanchit Gandhi , Shaden Smith , Stéphane Requena , Suraj Patil , Tim Dettmers , Ahmed Baruwa , Amanpreet Singh , Anastasia Cheveleva , Anne-Laure Ligozat , Arjun Subramonian , Aurélie Névéol , Charles Lovering , Dan Garrette , Deepak Tunuguntla , Ehud Reiter , Ekaterina Taktasheva , Ekaterina Voloshina , Eli Bogdanov , Genta Indra Winata , Hailey Schoelkopf , Jan-Christoph Kalo , Jekaterina Novikova , Jessica Zosa Forde , Jordan Clive , Jungo Kasai , Ken Kawamura , Liam Hazan , Marine Carpuat , Miruna Clinciu , Najoung Kim , Newton Cheng , Oleg Serikov , Omer Antverg , Oskar van der Wal , Rui Zhang , Ruochen Zhang , Sebastian Gehrmann , Shachar Mirkin , Shani Pais , Tatiana Shavrina , Thomas Scialom , Tian Yun , Tomasz Limisiewicz , Verena Rieser , Vitaly Protasov , Vladislav Mikhailov , Yada Pruksachatkun , Yonatan Belinkov , Zachary Bamberger , Zdeněk Kasner , Alice Rueda , Amanda Pestana , Amir Feizpour , Ammar Khan , Amy Faranak , Ana Santos , Anthony Hevia , Antigona Unldreaj , Arash Aghagol , Arezoo Abdollahi , Aycha Tammour , Azadeh HajiHosseini , Bahareh Behroozi , Benjamin Ajibade , Bharat Saxena , Carlos Muñoz Ferrandis , Daniel McDuff , Danish Contractor , David Lansky , Davis David , Douwe Kiela , Duong A. Nguyen , Edward Tan , Emi Baylor , Ezinwanne Ozoani , Fatima Mirza , Frankline Ononiwu , Habib Rezanejad , Hessie Jones , Indrani Bhattacharya , Irene Solaiman , Irina Sedenko , Isar Nejadgholi , Jesse Passmore , Josh Seltzer , Julio Bonis Sanz , Livia Dutra , Mairon Samagaio , Maraim Elbadri , Margot Mieskes , Marissa Gerchick , Martha Akinlolu , Michael McKenna , Mike Qiu , Muhammed Ghauri , Mykola Burynok , Nafis Abrar , Nazneen Rajani , Nour Elkott , Nour Fahmy , Olanrewaju Samuel , Ran An , Rasmus Kromann , Ryan Hao , Samira Alizadeh , Sarmad Shubber , Silas Wang , Sourav Roy , Sylvain Viguier , Thanh Le , Tobi Oyebade , Trieu Le , Yoyo Yang , Zach Nguyen , Abhinav Ramesh Kashyap , Alfredo Palasciano , Alison Callahan , Anima Shukla , Antonio Miranda-Escalada , Ayush Singh , Benjamin Beilharz , Bo Wang , Caio Brito , Chenxi Zhou , Chirag Jain , Chuxin Xu , Clémentine Fourrier , Daniel León Periñán , Daniel Molano , Dian Yu , Enrique Manjavacas , Fabio Barth , Florian Fuhrimann , Gabriel Altay , Giyaseddin Bayrak , Gully Burns , Helena U. Vrabec , Imane Bello , Ishani Dash , Jihyun Kang , John Giorgi , Jonas Golde , Jose David Posada , Karthik Rangasai Sivaraman , Lokesh Bulchandani , Lu Liu , Luisa Shinzato , Madeleine Hahn de Bykhovetz , Maiko Takeuchi , Marc Pàmies , Maria A Castillo , Marianna Nezhurina , Mario Sänger , Matthias Samwald , Michael Cullan , Michael Weinberg , Michiel De Wolf , Mina Mihaljcic , Minna Liu , Moritz Freidank , Myungsun Kang , Natasha Seelam , Nathan Dahlberg , Nicholas Michio Broad , Nikolaus Muellner , Pascale Fung , Patrick Haller , Ramya Chandrasekhar , Renata Eisenberg , Robert Martin , Rodrigo Canalli , Rosaline Su , Ruisi Su , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Samuele Garda , Shlok S Deshmukh , Shubhanshu Mishra , Sid Kiblawi , Simon Ott , Sinee Sang-aroonsiri , Srishti Kumar , Stefan Schweter , Sushil Bharati , Tanmay Laud , Théo Gigant , Tomoya Kainuma , Wojciech Kusa , Yanis Labrak , Yash Shailesh Bajaj , Yash Venkatraman , Yifan Xu , Yingxin Xu , Yu Xu , Zhe Tan , Zhongli Xie , Zifan Ye , Mathilde Bras , Younes Belkada , Thomas Wolf

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong linguistic capabilities, but little is known about how they encode psycholinguistic knowledge across languages. We investigate whether and how LLMs exhibit human-like psycholinguistic responses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Shuzhou Yuan , Zhan Qu , Mario Tawfelis , Michael Färber

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated multilingual capabilities, yet they are mostly English-centric due to the imbalanced training corpora. While prior works have leveraged this bias to enhance multilingual performance through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Chaoqun Liu , Wenxuan Zhang , Yiran Zhao , Anh Tuan Luu , Lidong Bing

We investigate a surprising limitation of LLMs: their inability to consistently generate text in a user's desired language. We create the Language Confusion Benchmark (LCB) to evaluate such failures, covering 15 typologically diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Kelly Marchisio , Wei-Yin Ko , Alexandre Bérard , Théo Dehaze , Sebastian Ruder

Multilingual pre-trained language models(mPLMs) offer significant benefits for many low-resource languages. To further expand the range of languages these models can support, many works focus on continued pre-training of these models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Jianyu Zheng

Large language models (LLMs) provide detailed and impressive responses to queries in English. However, are they really consistent at responding to the same query in other languages? The popular way of evaluating for multilingual performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Ashim Gupta , Maitrey Mehta , Zhichao Xu , Vivek Srikumar

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong machine translation capabilities on languages they are trained on. However, the impact of factors beyond training data size on translation performance remains a topic of debate, especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Ryandito Diandaru , Lucky Susanto , Zilu Tang , Ayu Purwarianti , Derry Wijaya

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in various software engineering tasks, including error detection, clone detection, and code translation, primarily leveraging high-resource programming languages like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Razan Baltaji , Saurabh Pujar , Louis Mandel , Martin Hirzel , Luca Buratti , Lav Varshney

Large language models (LLMs), with their powerful generative capabilities and vast knowledge, empower various tasks in everyday life. However, these abilities are primarily concentrated in high-resource languages, leaving low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Shaolei Zhang , Kehao Zhang , Qingkai Fang , Shoutao Guo , Yan Zhou , Xiaodong Liu , Yang Feng

Prior research has demonstrated that language models can, to a limited extent, represent moral norms in a variety of cultural contexts. This research aims to replicate these findings and further explore their validity, concentrating on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Evi Papadopoulou , Hadi Mohammadi , Ayoub Bagheri

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional proficiency across a broad spectrum of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, including Machine Translation. However, previous methods predominantly relied on…

Multilingualism in Large Language Models (LLMs) is an yet under-explored area. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth analysis of the multilingual capabilities of a family of a Large Language Model, examining its architecture, activation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Sunit Bhattacharya , Ondřej Bojar

Large language models (LLMs) have shown significant multilingual capabilities. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of these capabilities during pre-training are not well understood. In this paper, we use code LLMs as an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jiawei Chen , Wentao Chen , Jing Su , Jingjing Xu , Hongyu Lin , Mengjie Ren , Yaojie Lu , Xianpei Han , Le Sun