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We introduce MMBench-GUI, a hierarchical benchmark for evaluating GUI automation agents across Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android, and Web platforms. It comprises four levels: GUI Content Understanding, Element Grounding, Task Automation,…

Mobile Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents powered by multimodal large language models have demonstrated promising capabilities in automating complex smartphone tasks. However, existing approaches face two critical limitations: the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Yiping Xie , Song Chen , Jingxuan Xing , Wei Jiang , Zekun Zhu , Yingyao Wang , Pi Bu , Jun Song , Yuning Jiang , Bo Zheng

Graphical user interface (GUI) agents have advanced rapidly but still struggle with complex tasks involving novel UI elements, long-horizon actions, and personalized trajectories. In this work, we introduce Instruction Agent, a GUI agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Yinheng Li , Hailey Hultquist , Justin Wagle , Kazuhito Koishida

Today, a large proportion of end user information systems have their Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) built with web-based technology (JavaScript, CSS, and HTML). Some of these web-based systems include: Internet of Things (IOT),…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Ebenezer Agbozo

Eye movements play a vital role in perceiving the world. Eye gaze can give a direct indication of the users point of attention, which can be useful in improving human-computer interaction. Gaze estimation in a non-intrusive manner can make…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Anjith George

Autonomous GUI agents interact with environments by perceiving interfaces and executing actions. As a virtual sandbox, the GUI World model empowers agents with human-like foresight by enabling action-conditioned prediction. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yuhao Zheng , Li'an Zhong , Yi Wang , Rui Dai , Kaikui Liu , Xiangxiang Chu , Linyuan Lv , Philip Torr , Kevin Qinghong Lin

Graphic User Interface (GUI) is facing great demand with the popularization and prosperity of mobile apps. Automatic UI code generation from UI design draft dramatically simplifies the development process. However, the nesting layer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Shuhong Xiao , Tingting Zhou , Yunnong Chen , Dengming Zhang , Liuqing Chen , Lingyun Sun , Shiyu Yue

Past studies have illustrated the prevalence of UI dark patterns, or user interfaces that can lead end-users toward (unknowingly) taking actions that they may not have intended. Such deceptive UI designs can result in adverse effects on end…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-14 SM Hasan Mansur , Sabiha Salma , Damilola Awofisayo , Kevin Moran

Screen recordings of mobile applications are easy to obtain and capture a wealth of information pertinent to software developers (e.g., bugs or feature requests), making them a popular mechanism for crowdsourced app feedback. Thus, these…

Grounding natural language queries in graphical user interfaces (GUIs) presents a challenging task that requires models to comprehend diverse UI elements across various applications and systems, while also accurately predicting the spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhecheng Li , Guoxian Song , Yiwei Wang , Zhen Xiong , Junsong Yuan , Yujun Cai

Context: Albeit different approaches exist for automated GUI testing of hybrid mobile applications, the practice appears to be not so commonly adopted by developers. A possible reason for such a low diffusion can be the fragility of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Riccardo Coppola , Luca Ardito , Marco Torchiano

Virtual assistants have the potential to play an important role in helping users achieves different tasks. However, these systems face challenges in their real-world usability, characterized by inefficiency and struggles in grasping user…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Minh Duc Vu , Han Wang , Zhuang Li , Jieshan Chen , Shengdong Zhao , Zhenchang Xing , Chunyang Chen

Vision language models (VLMs) have advanced graphical user interface (GUI) task automation but still lag behind humans. We hypothesize this gap stems from missing core GUI knowledge, which existing training schemes (such as supervised fine…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Chenrui Shi , Zedong Yu , Zhi Gao , Ruining Feng , Enqi Liu , Yuwei Wu , Yunde Jia , Liuyu Xiang , Zhaofeng He , Qing Li

Web applications are relied upon by many for the services they provide. It is essential that applications implement appropriate security measures to prevent security incidents. Currently, web applications focus resources towards the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Calum C. Hall , Lynsay A. Shepherd , Natalie Coull

Evaluating GUI agents presents a distinct challenge: trajectories are long, visually grounded, and open-ended, yet evaluation must be both accurate and interpretable. Existing approaches typically apply a single holistic judgment over the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yuwen Zhai , Runze Li , Liang Wang , Nian Shi , Liwu Xu , Wei Zhang , Ran Lin , Bo Xu , Benlei Cui

Graphical User Interface (GUI) grounding is commonly framed as a coordinate prediction task -- given a natural language instruction, generate on-screen coordinates for actions such as clicks and keystrokes. However, recent Vision Language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yu Zhao , Wei-Ning Chen , Huseyin Atahan Inan , Samuel Kessler , Lu Wang , Lukas Wutschitz , Fangkai Yang , Chaoyun Zhang , Pasquale Minervini , Saravan Rajmohan , Robert Sim

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong results in code generation, but their ability to generate GUI applications, especially games, remains insufficiently studied. Existing benchmarks mainly evaluate correctness through test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Zhiyuan Peng , Wei Tao , Xin Yin , Chenhao Ying , Yuan Luo , Yiwen Guo

Network latency in mobile software has a large impact on user experience, with potentially severe economic consequences. Prefetching and caching have been shown effective in reducing the latencies in browser-based systems. However, those…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Yixue Zhao , Paul Wat , Marcelo Schmitt Laser , Nenad Medvidovic

WeChat, a widely-used messenger app boasting over 1 billion monthly active users, requires effective app quality assurance for its complex features. Record-and-replay tools are crucial in achieving this goal. Despite the extensive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Sidong Feng , Haochuan Lu , Ting Xiong , Yuetang Deng , Chunyang Chen

Recent advances in multimodal large language models have driven growing interest in graphical user interface (GUI) agents, yet their generalization remains constrained by the scarcity of large-scale training data spanning diverse real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Weimin Xiong , Shuhao Gu , Bowen Ye , Zihao Yue , Lei Li , Feifan Song , Sujian Li , Hao Tian