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We study Transformers through the perspective of optimal control theory, using tools from continuous-time formulations to derive actionable insights into training and architecture design. This framework improves the performance of existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Kelvin Kan , Xingjian Li , Benjamin J. Zhang , Tuhin Sahai , Stanley Osher , Markos A. Katsoulakis

Topology Optimization (TO) provides a systematic approach for obtaining structure design with optimum performance of interest. However, the process requires numerical evaluation of objective function and constraints at each iteration, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Ren Kai Tan , Chao Qian , Dan Xu , Wenjing Ye

Transformer-based models for time series forecasting (TSF) have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their effectiveness and versatility. However, these models often require extensive hyperparameter optimization (HPO) to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Jingjing Xu , Caesar Wu , Yuan-Fang Li , Grégoire Danoy , Pascal Bouvry

Scaling transformers has led to significant breakthroughs in many domains, leading to a paradigm in which larger versions of existing models are trained and released on a periodic basis. New instances of such models are typically trained…

A new approach for enhancing the process-variation tolerance of digital circuits is described. We extend recent advances in statistical timing analysis into an optimization framework. Our objective is to reduce the performance variance of a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2011-11-09 Osama Neiroukh , Xiaoyu Song

Circuit representation learning has become pivotal in electronic design automation, enabling critical tasks such as testability analysis, logic reasoning, power estimation, and SAT solving. However, existing models face significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Ziyang Zheng , Shan Huang , Jianyuan Zhong , Zhengyuan Shi , Guohao Dai , Ningyi Xu , Qiang Xu

Device sizing is a critical yet challenging step in analog and mixed-signal circuit design, requiring careful optimization to meet diverse performance specifications. This challenge is further amplified under process, voltage, and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Seunggeun Kim , Ziyi Wang , Sungyoung Lee , Youngmin Oh , Hanqing Zhu , Doyun Kim , David Z. Pan

Automated design of analog and radio-frequency circuits using supervised or reinforcement learning from simulation data has recently been studied as an alternative to manual expert design. It is straightforward for a design agent to learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Dmitrii Krylov , Pooya Khajeh , Junhan Ouyang , Thomas Reeves , Tongkai Liu , Hiba Ajmal , Hamidreza Aghasi , Roy Fox

Artificial Intelligence (AI) models for time-series in pervasive computing keep getting larger and more complicated. The Transformer model is by far the most compelling of these AI models. However, it is difficult to obtain the desired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Tianheng Ling , Gregor Schiele

Discovering superior circuit topologies requires navigating an exponentially large design space-a challenge traditionally reserved for human experts. Existing AI methods either select from predefined templates or generate novel topologies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Jian Gao , Yiwei Zou , Abhishek Pradhan , Wenhao Huang , Yumin Su , Kaiyuan Yang , Xuan Zhang

In-SRAM computing promises energy efficiency, but circuit nonlinearities and PVT variations pose major challenges in designing robust accelerators. To address this, we introduce OPTIMA, a modeling framework that aids in analyzing bit-line…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Saeed Seyedfaraji , Severin Jager , Salar Shakibhamedan , Asad Aftab , Semeen Rehman

Benefiting from the self-attention mechanism, Transformer models have attained impressive contextual comprehension capabilities for lengthy texts. The requirements of high-throughput inference arise as the large language models (LLMs)…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Huizheng Wang , Jiahao Fang , Xinru Tang , Zhiheng Yue , Jinxi Li , Yubin Qin , Sihan Guan , Qize Yang , Yang Wang , Chao Li , Yang Hu , Shouyi Yin

This thesis examines self-attention training through the lens of Optimal Transport (OT) and develops an OT-based alternative for tabular classification. The study tracks intermediate projections of the self-attention layer during training…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-19 Alessandro Quadrio , Antonio Candelieri

Dynamic simulation plays a crucial role in power system transient stability analysis, but traditional numerical integration-based methods are time-consuming due to the small time step sizes. Other semi-analytical solution methods, such as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-14 Kaiyang Huang , Yang Liu , Kai Sun , Feng Qiu

Over-the-air (OTA) computation has emerged as a promising technique for efficiently aggregating data from massive numbers of wireless devices. OTA computations can be performed by analog or digital communications. Analog OTA systems are…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-27 Zeyang Li , Chen Chen , Carlo Fischione

Pre-training Transformer models is resource-intensive, and recent studies have shown that sign momentum is an efficient technique for training large-scale deep learning models, particularly Transformers. However, its application in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Shuhua Yu , Ding Zhou , Cong Xie , An Xu , Zhi Zhang , Xin Liu , Soummya Kar

In the field of source code processing, the transformer-based representation models have shown great powerfulness and have achieved state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance in many tasks. Although the transformer models process the sequential…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Kechi Zhang , Ge Li , Zhi Jin

With the rise of Transformers as the standard for language processing, and their advancements in computer vision, there has been a corresponding growth in parameter size and amounts of training data. Many have come to believe that because…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Ali Hassani , Steven Walton , Nikhil Shah , Abulikemu Abuduweili , Jiachen Li , Humphrey Shi

While Transformers have achieved remarkable success in LLMs through superior scalability, their application in industrial-scale ranking models remains nascent, hindered by the challenges of high feature sparsity and low label density. In…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Chunqi Wang , Bingchao Wu , Taotian Pang , Jiahao Wang , Jie Yang , Jia Liu , Hao Zhang , Hai Zhu , Lei Shen , Shizhun Wang , Bing Wang , Xiaoyi Zeng

With the ever increasing complexity of specifications, manual sizing for analog circuits recently became very challenging. Especially for innovative, large-scale circuits designs, with tens of design variables, operating conditions and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Catalin Visan , Octavian Pascu , Marius Stanescu , Elena-Diana Sandru , Cristian Diaconu , Andi Buzo , Georg Pelz , Horia Cucu