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The Key-Value (KV) cache is crucial for efficient Large Language Models (LLMs) inference, but excessively long contexts drastically increase KV cache memory footprint. Existing KV cache compression methods typically rely on input-side…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Zhenxu Tian , Yi Su , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

How to efficiently serve Large Language Models (LLMs) has become a pressing issue because of their huge computational cost in their autoregressive generation process. To mitigate computational costs, LLMs often employ the KV Cache technique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Zheng Wang , Boxiao Jin , Zhongzhi Yu , Minjia Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) power modern AI applications, but processing sensitive data on untrusted servers raises privacy concerns. Homomorphic encryption (HE) enables computation on encrypted data for secure inference. However, neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Matan Avitan , Moran Baruch , Nir Drucker , Itamar Zimerman , Yoav Goldberg

As the length of input text increases, the key-value (KV) cache in LLMs imposes prohibitive GPU memory costs and limits long-context inference on resource constrained devices. Existing approaches, such as KV quantization and pruning, reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Tenghui Li , Guoxu Zhou , Xuyang Zhao , Yuning Qiu , Qibin Zhao

Large language model (LLM) inference demands significant amount of computation and memory, especially in the key attention mechanism. While techniques, such as quantization and acceleration algorithms, like FlashAttention, have improved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Hao Kang , Srikant Bharadwaj , James Hensman , Tushar Krishna , Victor Ruhle , Saravan Rajmohan

Large Language Models(LLMs) have had a profound impact on AI applications, particularly in the domains of long-text comprehension and generation. KV Cache technology is one of the most widely used techniques in the industry. It ensures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Qiaozhi He , Zhihua Wu

As large language models (LLMs) continue to scale, the memory footprint of key-value (KV) caches during inference has become a significant bottleneck. Existing approaches primarily focus on compressing KV caches within a single prompt or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Xinye Zhao , Spyridon Mastorakis

The emergence of LLMs has ignited a fresh surge of breakthroughs in NLP applications, particularly in domains such as question-answering systems and text generation. As the need for longer context grows, a significant bottleneck in model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Shichen Dong , Wen Cheng , Jiayu Qin , Wei Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance, but their long-context reasoning remains constrained by the excessive memory required for the Key-Value (KV) cache. This makes KV cache compression a critical step…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xianglong Yan , Zhiteng Li , Tianao Zhang , Haotong Qin , Linghe Kong , Yulun Zhang , Xiaokang Yang

Major challenges in LLMs inference remain frequent memory bandwidth bottlenecks, computational redundancy, and inefficiencies in long-sequence processing. To address these issues, we propose LLM-CoOpt, a comprehensive algorithmhardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Jie Kong , Wei Wang , Jiehan Zhou , Chen Yu

Large language models have shown exceptional capabilities in a wide range of tasks, such as text generation and video generation, among others. However, due to their massive parameter count, these models often require substantial storage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Qian Tao , Wenyuan Yu , Jingren Zhou

Generating long sequences of tokens given a long-context input is a very compute-intensive inference scenario for large language models (LLMs). One prominent inference speed-up approach is to construct a smaller key-value (KV) cache,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Fangyuan Xu , Tanya Goyal , Eunsol Choi

Quantization is critical for efficiently deploying large language models (LLMs). Yet conventional methods remain hardware-agnostic, limited to bit-width constraints, and do not account for intrinsic circuit characteristics such as the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Rohan Juneja , Shivam Aggarwal , Safeen Huda , Tulika Mitra , Li-Shiuan Peh

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have highlighted the critical importance of extending context length, yet the quadratic complexity of attention mechanisms poses significant challenges for efficient long-context modeling. KV…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Wanyun Cui , Mingwei Xu

Huge memory consumption has been a major bottleneck for deploying high-throughput large language models in real-world applications. In addition to the large number of parameters, the key-value (KV) cache for the attention mechanism in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Haoyi Wu , Kewei Tu

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is often hindered by the extensive memory requirements of the Key-Value (KV) cache, especially as context lengths increase. Existing approaches to reduce the KV cache size involve either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Alessio Devoto , Yu Zhao , Simone Scardapane , Pasquale Minervini

Efficient deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) requires batching multiple requests together to improve throughput. As the batch size, context length, or model size increases, the size of the key and value (KV) cache can quickly become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Tianyi Zhang , Jonah Yi , Zhaozhuo Xu , Anshumali Shrivastava

Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant deployment challenges due to their substantial memory requirements and the computational demands of auto-regressive text generation process. This paper addresses these challenges by focusing on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Yuxuan Yue , Zhihang Yuan , Haojie Duanmu , Sifan Zhou , Jianlong Wu , Liqiang Nie

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress across reasoning, generation, and decision-making tasks, yet deploying them on mobile, embedded, and edge devices remains particularly challenging. On-device LLM inference is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Sayed Pedram Haeri Boroujeni , Niloufar Mehrabi , Patrick Woods , Gabriel Hillesheim , Abolfazl Razi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency across a wide range of tasks. However, LLMs often require larger batch sizes to enhance throughput or longer context lengths to meet task demands, which significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zhihang Cai , Xingjun Zhang , Zhendong Tan , Zheng Wei