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The merger of binary black holes produces a series of decaying oscillations, during which energy is radiated in gravitational waves. The characteristic signal in the ringdown phase can be described by complex oscillation frequencies called…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-10 Yanqiang Liu , Benrong Mu , Jun Tao , Yuling Weng

The ringdown of a perturbed black hole consists of a superposition of quasi-normal modes (QNMs), with complex frequencies determined by the black hole's mass and spin, while phases and amplitudes depend on binary parameters. Traditional…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-23 Koustav Chandra , Juan Calderón Bustillo

The nonlinear nature of general relativity manifests prominently throughout the merger of two black holes, from the inspiral phase to the final ringdown. Notably, the quasi-normal modes generated during the ringdown phase display…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-13 A. Kehagias , A. Riotto

Closed-form expressions for the ringdown complex amplitudes of nonspinning unequal-mass binaries in arbitrarily eccentric orbits are presented. They are built upon 237 numerical simulations contained within the RIT catalog, through the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-22 Gregorio Carullo

We analyze the quasinormal mode spectrum for Kerr black holes surrounded by an asymptotically uniform magnetic field, modeled with the Ernst-Wild geometry. A perturbative expansion in both the rotation parameter $a$ and the magnetic field…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-24 Kate J. Taylor , Adam Ritz

The waveforms from binary black hole mergers include inspiral, merger, and ringdown parts. Usually, the inspiral waveform can be obtained by calibrating from post-Newtonian approximation; The merger and ringdown ones can be gotten from the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-11-15 Song Li , Wen-Biao Han

The remnant of a black hole binary merger settles into a stationary configuration by "ringing down" through the emission of gravitational waves that consist of a superposition of damped exponentials with discrete complex frequencies - the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-11 Matteo Della Rocca , Laura Pezzella , Emanuele Berti , Leonardo Gualtieri , Andrea Maselli

The spectrum of the quasinormal modes of the gravitational waves emitted during the ringdown phase following the merger of two black holes is of primary importance in gravitational astronomy. However, the spectrum is extremely sensitive to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-07-30 A. Ianniccari , A. J. Iovino , A. Kehagias , P. Pani , G. Perna , D. Perrone , A. Riotto

The ringdown gravitational wave signal arising e.g., in the final stage of a black hole binary merger, contains important information about the properties of the remnant, and can potentially be used to perform clean tests of general…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-22 Taillte May , Sizheng Ma , Justin L. Ripley , William E. East

After black holes collide, the remnant settles to a stationary state by emitting gravitational waves. Once non-linearities subside, these ringdown waves are dominated by exponentially-damped sinusoids, or quasinormal modes. We develop a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-05 Adrian Ka-Wai Chung , Nicolas Yunes

It has been recently shown that nonlinear effects emerging at the time of the generation of the quasi-normal modes are necessary to model ringdowns from black hole mergers. In this note, we describe how nonlinerarities also arise when…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-02-03 Alex Kehagias , Antonio Riotto

Quasinormal modes of rapidly rotating black holes were recently computed in a generic effective-field-theory extension of general relativity with higher-derivative corrections. We exploit this breakthrough to perform the most complete…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-28 Simon Maenaut , Gregorio Carullo , Pablo A. Cano , Anna Liu , Vitor Cardoso , Thomas Hertog , Tjonnie G. F. Li

It has been recently pointed out that nonlinear effects are necessary to model the ringdown stage of the gravitational waveform produced by the merger of two black holes giving rise to a remnant Kerr black hole. We show that this nonlinear…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-19 Alex Kehagias , Davide Perrone , Antonio Riotto , Francesco Riva

The final stage of a binary black hole merger is ringdown, in which the system is described by a Kerr black hole with quasinormal mode perturbations. It is far from straightforward to identify the time at which the ringdown begins. Yet…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-06-06 Swetha Bhagwat , Maria Okounkova , Stefan W. Ballmer , Duncan A. Brown , Matthew Giesler , Mark A. Scheel , Saul A. Teukolsky

The quasinormal mode spectrum of black holes plays a crucial role in the modelling of post-merger ringdown signals. However, the spectrum is extremely sensitive to small deformations of the system and describes the linear response only in a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-12 Romeo Felice Rosato , Kyriakos Destounis , Paolo Pani

It is shown that the spectral amplitude of gravitational-wave (GW) ringdown of a Kerr black hole sourced by an extreme mass ratio merger can be modeled by the $\textit{greybody factor}$, which quantifies the scattering nature of the black…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-10-04 Naritaka Oshita

While black hole perturbation theory predicts a rich quasi-normal mode structure, technical challenges have limited the numerical study of excitations to the fundamental, lowest order modes caused by the coalescence of black holes. Here, we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-02-22 Lionel London , James Healy , Deirdre Shoemaker

We present a fully Bayesian, data-driven framework for identifying quasinormal modes in high-accuracy Cauchy-Characteristic Evolution (CCE) gravitational waveforms. Applying this to a public catalog, we identify QNM overtones, retrograde…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-17 Richard Dyer , Christopher J. Moore

The ringdown of a perturbed black hole (BH) can be described as a superposition of quasinormal modes (QNMs), whose frequencies are determined by the spacetime geometry while their amplitudes depend also on the perturbing source. However,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-26 Alejandro Svyatkovskyy Kholyavka , Jose Antonio León Vega , Samuel Gómez Gómez , Xisco Jiménez Forteza , Sayak Datta

The measurability of multiple quasinormal (QN) modes, including overtones and higher harmonics, with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna is investigated by computing the gravitational wave (GW) signal induced by an intermediate or…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-12-01 Naritaka Oshita , Daichi Tsuna