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Histopathology image analysis can be considered as a Multiple instance learning (MIL) problem, where the whole slide histopathology image (WSI) is regarded as a bag of instances (i.e, patches) and the task is to predict a single class label…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-28 Meng Li , Lin Wu , Arnold Wiliem , Kun Zhao , Teng Zhang , Brian C. Lovell

Attention-based multiple instance learning (AMIL) algorithms have proven to be successful in utilizing gigapixel whole-slide images (WSIs) for a variety of different computational pathology tasks such as outcome prediction and cancer…

Early diagnosis of lung cancer is a key intervention for the treatment of lung cancer computer aided diagnosis (CAD) can play a crucial role. However, most published CAD methods treat lung cancer diagnosis as a lung nodule classification…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-12 Junhua Chen , Haiyan Zeng , Chong Zhang , Zhenwei Shi , Andre Dekker , Leonard Wee , Inigo Bermejo

Though multiple instance learning (MIL) has been a foundational strategy in computational pathology for processing whole slide images (WSIs), current approaches are designed for traditional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides rather than…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-15 Marc Harary , Eliezer M. Van Allen , William Lotter

Weakly supervised object detection (WSOD) is a challenging task that requires simultaneously learn object classifiers and estimate object locations under the supervision of image category labels. A major line of WSOD methods roots in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Shiwei Zhang , Wei Ke , Lin Yang

Whole-slide image (WSI) classification is a challenging task because 1) patches from WSI lack annotation, and 2) WSI possesses unnecessary variability, e.g., stain protocol. Recently, Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL) has made significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Joohyung Lee , Heejeong Nam , Kwanhyung Lee , Sangchul Hahn

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has become a preferred method for gigapixel whole slide image (WSI) classification without requiring patch-level annotations. Current MIL research primarily relies on embedding-based approaches, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Bryan Wong , Sungrae Hong , Mun Yong Yi

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has advanced WSI analysis but struggles with the complexity and heterogeneity of WSIs. Existing MIL methods face challenges in aggregating diverse patch information into robust WSI representations. While…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Beidi Zhao , SangMook Kim , Hao Chen , Chen Zhou , Zu-hua Gao , Gang Wang , Xiaoxiao Li

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a popular weakly-supervised method for various applications, with a particular interest in histological whole slide image (WSI) classification. Due to the gigapixel resolution of WSI, applications of MIL…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Wenhui Zhu , Peijie Qiu , Xiwen Chen , Zhangsihao Yang , Aristeidis Sotiras , Abolfazl Razi , Yalin Wang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for Whole Slide Image (WSI) diagnosis, offering effective learning with limited annotations. However, existing MIL frameworks overlook diagnostic priorities and fail to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Sungrae Hong , Jiwon Jeong , Jisu Shin , Donghee Han , Sol Lee , Kyungeun Kim , Mun Yong Yi

As the development of neural networks, more and more deep neural networks are adopted in various tasks, such as image classification. However, as the huge computational overhead, these networks could not be applied on mobile devices or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Yunteng Luan , Hanyu Zhao , Zhi Yang , Yafei Dai

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide. Histopathology image analysis serves as the gold standard for cancer diagnosis. In this regard, whole-slide imaging (WSI), a revolutionary technology in digital pathology,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-21 Baichen Yu , Xuetong Li , Jing Zhou , Hansheng Wang

\textit{Multiple Instance Learning} (MIL) is concerned with learning from bags of instances, where only bag labels are given and instance labels are unknown. Existent approaches in this field were mainly designed for the bag-level label…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Minlong Peng , Qi Zhang

Whole-slide image (WSI) multiple instance learning (MIL) classifiers can achieve strong slide-level AUC while leaving the full-bag prediction opaque. Attention scores are widely reused as post-hoc explanations, but high attention can…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-14 Hyun Do Jung , Jungwon Choi , Soojung Choi , Yujin Oh , Hwiyoung Kim

Histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) play a very important role in clinical studies and serve as the gold standard for many cancer diagnoses. However, generating automatic tools for processing WSIs is challenging due to their enormous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Jingwei Zhang , Xin Zhang , Ke Ma , Rajarsi Gupta , Joel Saltz , Maria Vakalopoulou , Dimitris Samaras

Traditional supervised learning tasks require a label for every instance in the training set, but in many real-world applications, labels are only available for collections (bags) of instances. This problem setting, known as multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Georg Wölflein , Lucie Charlotte Magister , Pietro Liò , David J. Harrison , Ognjen Arandjelović

Although multi-instance learning (MIL) has succeeded in pathological image classification, it faces the challenge of high inference costs due to processing numerous patches from gigapixel whole slide images (WSIs). To address this, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jiuyang Dong , Junjun Jiang , Kui Jiang , Jiahan Li , Yongbing Zhang

Weakly supervised multiple instance learning (MIL) is a challenging task given that only bag-level labels are provided, while each bag typically contains multiple instances. This topic has been extensively studied in histopathological image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Bodong Zhang , Hamid Manoochehri , Xiwen Li , Beatrice S. Knudsen , Tolga Tasdizen

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has emerged as a dominant paradigm to extract discriminative feature representations within Whole Slide Images (WSIs) in computational pathology. Despite driving notable progress, existing MIL approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Shu Yang , Yihui Wang , Hao Chen

Multiple instance learning (MIL) can reduce the need for costly annotation in tasks such as semantic segmentation by weakening the required degree of supervision. We propose a novel MIL formulation of multi-class semantic segmentation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-04-16 Deepak Pathak , Evan Shelhamer , Jonathan Long , Trevor Darrell