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Serving Large Language Models (LLMs) often requires choosing between stronger reasoning and lower inference cost. Model merging offers a practical way to build several models between a reasoning-oriented model and a cheaper base model, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Kesheng Chen , Yamin Hu , Zhenqian Zhu , Yiya Diao , Wenjian Luo

Instruction tuning is crucial for optimizing Large Language Models (LLMs), yet mainstream data selection methods heavily rely on LLMs as instruction quality scorers, leading to high computational costs and reduced data diversity. To address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Hongyi Cai , Yuqian Fu , Hongming Fu , Bo Zhao

Reinforcement learning (RL) is central to post-training, particularly for agentic models that require specialized reasoning behaviors. In this setting, model merging offers a practical mechanism for integrating multiple RL-trained agents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xiangchi Yuan , Dachuan Shi , Chunhui Zhang , Zheyuan Liu , Shenglong Yao , Soroush Vosoughi , Wenke Lee

Model merging is an efficient empowerment technique in the machine learning community that does not require the collection of raw training data and does not require expensive computation. As model merging becomes increasingly prevalent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Enneng Yang , Li Shen , Guibing Guo , Xingwei Wang , Xiaochun Cao , Jie Zhang , Dacheng Tao

Large language models (LLMs) have enabled the development of numerous specialized, task-specific variants. However, the maintenance and deployment of these individual models present substantial challenges in terms of resource utilization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Quy-Anh Dang , Chris Ngo

Merging Large Language Models (LLMs) is a cost-effective technique for combining multiple expert LLMs into a single versatile model, retaining the expertise of the original ones. However, current approaches often overlook the importance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud , Umberto Michieli , Fabio Pizzati , Philip Torr , Adel Bibi , Bernard Ghanem , Mete Ozay

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been adopted and deployed worldwide for a broad variety of applications. However, ensuring their safe use remains a significant challenge. Preference training and safety measures often overfit to harms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Aakanksha , Arash Ahmadian , Seraphina Goldfarb-Tarrant , Beyza Ermis , Marzieh Fadaee , Sara Hooker

Software reuse has long been recognized as a critical and widely studied topic in software engineering, offering substantial benefits in reducing development costs, improving software quality, and enhancing operational efficiency. This…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-02 You Lu , Jiyang Zhang , Bihuan Chen , Chaofeng Sha , Dingji Wang , Xin Peng

As specialized large language models (LLMs) become increasingly prevalent, model merging methods are being used to combine them to create a single multi-task model without requiring any additional data or training. However, these approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Hetarth Chopra , Vidhi Rambhia , Vikram Adve

Biological multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have emerged as powerful foundation models for scientific discovery. However, existing models are specialized to a single modality, limiting their ability to solve inherently cross-modal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Wonbin Lee , Dongki Kim , Sung Ju Hwang

Model merging has emerged as a cost-efficient approximation to multitask learning. Among merging strategies, task arithmetic is notable for its simplicity and effectiveness. In this work, we provide a theoretical motivation for task vectors…

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain heavily centered on English, with limited performance in low-resource languages. Existing adaptation approaches, such as continual pre-training, demand significant computational resources. In the case of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Eneko Valero , Maria Ribalta i Albado , Oscar Sainz , Naiara Perez , German Rigau

Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant challenges in distributed healthcare, including consolidating specialized domain knowledge across institutions while maintaining privacy, reducing computational overhead, and preventing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Prakrit Timilsina , Anuj Nepal , Rajan Kadel , Robin Doss

By merging models, AI systems can combine the distinct strengths of separate language models, achieving a balance between multiple capabilities without requiring substantial retraining. However, the integration process can be intricate due…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) achieve strong performance by jointly processing inputs from multiple modalities, such as vision, audio, and language. However, building such models or extending them to new modalities often requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Md Kaykobad Reza , Ameya Patil , Edward Ayrapetian , M. Salman Asif

While training large language models (LLMs) from scratch can generate models with distinct functionalities and strengths, it comes at significant costs and may result in redundant capabilities. Alternatively, a cost-effective and compelling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Fanqi Wan , Xinting Huang , Deng Cai , Xiaojun Quan , Wei Bi , Shuming Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) deliver powerful AI capabilities but face deployment challenges due to high resource costs and latency, whereas Small Language Models (SLMs) offer efficiency and deployability at the cost of reduced performance.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yi Chen , JiaHao Zhao , HaoHao Han

Large reasoning models (LRMs) excel at a long chain of reasoning but often fail to faithfully follow instructions regarding output format, constraints, or specific requirements. We investigate whether this gap can be closed by integrating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Zhehao Huang , Yuhang Liu , Baijiong Lin , Yixin Lou , Zhengbao He , Hanling Tian , Tao Li , Xiaolin Huang

Model merging (e.g., via interpolation or task arithmetic) fuses multiple models trained on different tasks to generate a multi-task solution. The technique has been proven successful in previous studies, where the models are trained on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Yi-Lin Sung , Linjie Li , Kevin Lin , Zhe Gan , Mohit Bansal , Lijuan Wang

Large language models have been adopted in the medical domain for clinical documentation to reduce clinician burden. However, studies have reported that LLMs often "forget" a significant amount of instruction-following ability when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Mengxian Lyu , Cheng Peng , Ziyi Chen , Mengyuan Zhang , Jieting Li Lu , Yonghui Wu