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Related papers: Exact Sequence Interpolation with Transformers

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Deep learning models have been widely applied in various aspects of daily life. Many variant models based on deep learning structures have achieved even better performances. Attention-based architectures have become almost ubiquitous in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Zhiying Fang , Yidong Ouyang , Ding-Xuan Zhou , Guang Cheng

Recent research in the field of machine learning has increasingly focused on the memorization capacity of Transformers, but how efficient they are is not yet well understood. We demonstrate that Transformers can memorize labels with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Tokio Kajitsuka , Issei Sato

Transformers, and the attention mechanism in particular, have become ubiquitous in machine learning. Their success in modeling nonlocal, long-range correlations has led to their widespread adoption in natural language processing, computer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Edoardo Calvello , Nikola B. Kovachki , Matthew E. Levine , Andrew M. Stuart

Since its introduction, the transformer has shifted the development trajectory away from traditional models (e.g., RNN, MLP) in time series forecasting, which is attributed to its ability to capture global dependencies within temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Xiwen Chen , Peijie Qiu , Wenhui Zhu , Huayu Li , Hao Wang , Aristeidis Sotiras , Yalin Wang , Abolfazl Razi

Large language models have demonstrated an impressive ability to perform factual recall. Prior work has found that transformers trained on factual recall tasks can store information at a rate proportional to their parameter count. In our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Eshaan Nichani , Jason D. Lee , Alberto Bietti

Transformers have emerged as a powerful tool for a broad range of natural language processing tasks. A key component that drives the impressive performance of Transformers is the self-attention mechanism that encodes the influence or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Yunyang Xiong , Zhanpeng Zeng , Rudrasis Chakraborty , Mingxing Tan , Glenn Fung , Yin Li , Vikas Singh

Despite their empirical success, the internal mechanism by which transformer models align tokens during language processing remains poorly understood. This paper provides a mechanistic and theoretical explanation of token alignment in LLMs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Hadi Daneshmand

Transformer is a deep neural network that employs a self-attention mechanism to comprehend the contextual relationships within sequential data. Unlike conventional neural networks or updated versions of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Saidul Islam , Hanae Elmekki , Ahmed Elsebai , Jamal Bentahar , Najat Drawel , Gaith Rjoub , Witold Pedrycz

The computational complexity of the self-attention mechanism in popular transformer architectures poses significant challenges for training and inference, and becomes the bottleneck for long inputs. Is it possible to significantly reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Yingyu Liang , Zhizhou Sha , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Yufa Zhou

We investigate the in-context learning capabilities of transformers for the $d$-dimensional mixture of linear regression model, providing theoretical insights into their existence, generalization bounds, and training dynamics. Specifically,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-11 Yanhao Jin , Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Lifeng Lai

Although dominant in natural language processing, transformer-based models remain challenged by the task of long-sequence processing, because the computational cost of self-attention operations in transformers swells quadratically with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Jiawen Xie , Pengyu Cheng , Xiao Liang , Yong Dai , Nan Du

Despite the empirical success of prompt tuning in adapting pretrained language models to new tasks, theoretical analyses of its capabilities remain limited. Existing theoretical work primarily addresses universal approximation properties,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Maxime Meyer , Mario Michelessa , Caroline Chaux , Vincent Y. F. Tan

Transformers in their common form are inherently limited to operate on whole token sequences rather than on one token at a time. Consequently, their use during online inference on time-series data entails considerable redundancy due to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Lukas Hedegaard , Arian Bakhtiarnia , Alexandros Iosifidis

Transformer networks are able to capture patterns in data coming from many domains (text, images, videos, proteins, etc.) with little or no change to architecture components. We perform a theoretical analysis of the core component…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Valerii Likhosherstov , Krzysztof Choromanski , Adrian Weller

Transformers have emerged as the architecture of choice for many state-of-the-art AI models, showcasing exceptional performance across a wide range of AI applications. However, the memory demands imposed by Transformers limit their ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Hao Liu , Matei Zaharia , Pieter Abbeel

Transformers are extremely successful machine learning models whose mathematical properties remain poorly understood. Here, we rigorously characterize the behavior of transformers with hardmax self-attention and normalization sublayers as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Albert Alcalde , Giovanni Fantuzzi , Enrique Zuazua

Transformers excel through content-addressable retrieval and the ability to exploit contexts of, in principle, unbounded length. We recast associative memory at the level of probability measures, treating a context as a distribution over…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-03 Ryotaro Kawata , Taiji Suzuki

Recurrent neural networks are effective models to process sequences. However, they are unable to learn long-term dependencies because of their inherent sequential nature. As a solution, Vaswani et al. introduced the Transformer, a model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Quentin Fournier , Gaétan Marceau Caron , Daniel Aloise

Pretrained transformer models have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language processing tasks. These models leverage the attention mechanism to capture long- and short-range dependencies in the sequence. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Qingru Zhang , Dhananjay Ram , Cole Hawkins , Sheng Zha , Tuo Zhao

In practice, deep neural networks are often able to easily interpolate their training data. To understand this phenomenon, many works have aimed to quantify the memorization capacity of a neural network architecture: the largest number of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-09 Sjoerd Dirksen , Patrick Finke , Martin Genzel