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Large language models (LLMs) have substantially advanced machine learning research, including natural language processing, computer vision, data mining, etc., yet they still exhibit critical limitations in explainability, reliability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Xin Wang , Haoyang Li , Haibo Chen , Zeyang Zhang , Wenwu Zhu

In many information processing systems, it may be desirable to ensure that any change of the input, whether by shifting or scaling, results in a corresponding change in the system response. While deep neural networks are gradually replacing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Sébastien Herbreteau , Emmanuel Moebel , Charles Kervrann

Deep learning has largely improved the performance of various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, most deep learning models are black-box machinery, and lack explicit interpretation. In this chapter, we will introduce our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Xianggen Liu , Zhengdong Lu , Lili Mou

This paper introduces an approach to increasing the explainability of artificial intelligence (AI) systems by embedding Large Language Models (LLMs) within standardized analytical processes. While traditional explainable AI (XAI) methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Marc Jansen , Marcel Pehlke

Deep learning has become the dominant approach for creating high capacity, scalable models across diverse data modalities. However, because these models rely on a large number of learned parameters, tightly couple feature extraction with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Adam Gould , Francesca Toni

Differentiable logics (DL) have recently been proposed as a method of training neural networks to satisfy logical specifications. A DL consists of a syntax in which specifications are stated and an interpretation function that translates…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Natalia Ślusarz , Ekaterina Komendantskaya , Matthew L. Daggitt , Robert Stewart , Kathrin Stark

Neural networks can approximate complex functions, but they struggle to perform exact arithmetic operations over real numbers. The lack of inductive bias for arithmetic operations leaves neural networks without the underlying logic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Andreas Madsen , Alexander Rosenberg Johansen

Deep neural networks can suffer from the exploding and vanishing activation problem, in which the networks fail to train properly because the neural signals either amplify or attenuate across the layers and become saturated. While other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Hao-Yuan Chang , Kang L. Wang

Layer normalization (LN) is a ubiquitous technique in deep learning but our theoretical understanding to it remains elusive. This paper investigates a new theoretical direction for LN, regarding to its nonlinearity and representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Yunhao Ni , Yuxin Guo , Junlong Jia , Lei Huang

Resolving the dichotomy between the human-like yet constrained reasoning processes of Cognitive Architectures and the broad but often noisy inference behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs) remains a challenging but exciting pursuit, for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Siyu Wu , Alessandro Oltramari , Jonathan Francis , C. Lee Giles , Frank E. Ritter

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities, they often struggle with complex tasks that require specific thinking paradigms, such as divide-and-conquer and procedural deduction, \etc Previous…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Kechi Zhang , Ge Li , Jia Li , Huangzhao Zhang , Jingjing Xu , Hao Zhu , Lecheng Wang , Jia Li , Yihong Dong , Jing Mai , Bin Gu , Zhi Jin

Deep learning is bringing remarkable contributions to the field of argumentation mining, but the existing approaches still need to fill the gap toward performing advanced reasoning tasks. In this position paper, we posit that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-29 Andrea Galassi , Kristian Kersting , Marco Lippi , Xiaoting Shao , Paolo Torroni

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer from critical reasoning gaps, including a tendency to hallucinate and poor accuracy in classifying logical fallacies. This limitation stems from their default System 1 processing, which is fast and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Olivia Peiyu Wang , Tashvi Bansal , Ryan Bai , Emily M. Chui , Leilani H. Gilpin

Whether neural networks can learn abstract reasoning or whether they merely rely on superficial statistics is a topic of recent debate. Here, we propose a dataset and challenge designed to probe abstract reasoning, inspired by a well-known…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-12 David G. T. Barrett , Felix Hill , Adam Santoro , Ari S. Morcos , Timothy Lillicrap

The big problem for neural network models which are trained to count instances is that whenever test range goes high training range generalization error increases i.e. they are not good generalizers outside training range. Consider the case…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Ashish Rana , Taranveer Singh , Harpreet Singh , Neeraj Kumar , Prashant Singh Rana

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable improvements in reasoning and many existing benchmarks have been addressed by models such as o1 and o3 either fully or partially. However, a majority of these benchmarks emphasize deductive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Wenyue Hua , Tyler Wong , Sun Fei , Liangming Pan , Adam Jardine , William Yang Wang

Combining deep neural networks with structured logic rules is desirable to harness flexibility and reduce uninterpretability of the neural models. We propose a general framework capable of enhancing various types of neural networks (e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Zhiting Hu , Xuezhe Ma , Zhengzhong Liu , Eduard Hovy , Eric Xing

Artificial intelligence has advanced rapidly across perception, language, reasoning, and multimodal domains. Yet despite these achievements, modern AI systems remain fundamentally limited in their ability to self-monitor, self-correct, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Noorbakhsh Amiri Golilarz , Sindhuja Penchala , Shahram Rahimi

Despite the practical success of Artificial Intelligence (AI), current neural AI algorithms face two significant issues. First, the decisions made by neural architectures are often prone to bias and brittleness. Second, when a chain of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Sushmita Paul , Jinqiang Yu , Jip J. Dekker , Alexey Ignatiev , Peter J. Stuckey

Deep neural networks have achieved impressive supervised classification performance in many tasks including image recognition, speech recognition, and sequence to sequence learning. However, this success has not been translated to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-05 Arvind Neelakantan , Quoc V. Le , Ilya Sutskever