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We propose an audio codec that addresses the low-delay requirements of some applications such as network music performance. The codec is based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) with very short frames and uses gain-shape…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2016-02-18 Jean-Marc Valin , Timothy B. Terriberry , Gregory Maxwell

Neural audio codecs, leveraging quantization algorithms, have significantly impacted various speech/audio tasks. While high-fidelity reconstruction is paramount for human perception, audio coding for machines (ACoM) prioritizes efficient…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Anastasia Kuznetsova , Inseon Jang , Wootaek Lim , Minje Kim

This paper presents PhoenixCodec, a comprehensive neural speech coding and decoding framework designed for extremely low-resource conditions. The proposed system integrates an optimized asymmetric frequency-time architecture, a Cyclical…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-24 Zixiang Wan , Haoran Zhao , Guochang Zhang , Runqiang Han , Jianqiang Wei , Yuexian Zou

Neural audio/speech coding has recently demonstrated its capability to deliver high quality at much lower bitrates than traditional methods. However, existing neural audio/speech codecs employ either acoustic features or learned blind…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Xue Jiang , Xiulian Peng , Huaying Xue , Yuan Zhang , Yan Lu

Neural compression offers a domain-agnostic approach to creating codecs for lossy or lossless compression via deep generative models. For sequence compression, however, most deep sequence models have costs that scale with the sequence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Ricky T. Q. Chen , Matthew Le , Matthew Muckley , Maximilian Nickel , Karen Ullrich

Neural Audio Codecs (NACs) can reduce transmission overhead by performing compact compression and reconstruction, which also aim to bridge the gap between continuous and discrete signals. Existing NACs can be divided into two categories:…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Zhisheng Zhang , Xiang Li , Yixuan Zhou , Jing Peng , Shengbo Cai , Guoyang Zeng , Zhiyong Wu

Complex-valued processing brought deep learning-based speech enhancement and signal extraction to a new level. Typically, the noise reduction process is based on a time-frequency (TF) mask which is applied to a noisy spectrogram. Complex…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-24 Hendrik Schröter , Tobias Rosenkranz , Alberto N. Escalante-B. , Andreas Maier

Text-guided sound separation enables flexible audio editing, assistive listening, and open-domain source extraction, but systems such as AudioSep remain too expensive for low-latency edge or codec-mediated deployment. Existing neural audio…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Adhiraj Banerjee , Vipul Arora

Neural audio codecs form the foundational building blocks for language model (LM)-based speech generation. Typically, there is a trade-off between frame rate and audio quality. This study introduces a low-frame-rate, semantically enhanced…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Jiaqi Li , Xiaolong Lin , Zhekai Li , Shixi Huang , Yuancheng Wang , Chaoren Wang , Zhenpeng Zhan , Zhizheng Wu

Noise reduction is an important part of modern hearing aids and is included in most commercially available devices. Deep learning-based state-of-the-art algorithms, however, either do not consider real-time and frequency resolution…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-01-29 Hendrik Schröter , Tobias Rosenkranz , Alberto N. Escalante B. , Marc Aubreville , Andreas Maier

In this paper, we propose MDCTCodec, an efficient lightweight end-to-end neural audio codec based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT). The encoder takes the MDCT spectrum of audio as input, encoding it into a continuous latent…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Xiao-Hang Jiang , Yang Ai , Rui-Chen Zheng , Hui-Peng Du , Ye-Xin Lu , Zhen-Hua Ling

Neural speech codecs have been widely used in audio compression and various downstream tasks. Current mainstream codecs are fixed-frame-rate (FFR), which allocate the same number of tokens to every equal-duration slice. However, speech is…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-04 Hankun Wang , Yiwei Guo , Chongtian Shao , Bohan Li , Kai Yu

Building upon advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), the field of audio processing has seen increased interest in training audio generation tasks with discrete audio token sequences. However, directly discretizing audio by neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-08 Wenrui Liu , Zhifang Guo , Jin Xu , Yuanjun Lv , Yunfei Chu , Zhou Zhao , Junyang Lin

With increasing quality requirements for multimedia communications, audio codecs must maintain both high quality and low delay. Typically, audio codecs offer either low delay or high quality, but rarely both. We propose a codec that…

Capturing high-level structure in audio waveforms is challenging because a single second of audio spans tens of thousands of timesteps. While long-range dependencies are difficult to model directly in the time domain, we show that they can…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-06-05 Sean Vasquez , Mike Lewis

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced audio processing by leveraging audio codecs to discretize audio into tokens, enabling the application of language modeling techniques to speech data. However, existing audio codecs…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-11 Edresson Casanova , Paarth Neekhara , Ryan Langman , Shehzeen Hussain , Subhankar Ghosh , Xuesong Yang , Ante Jukić , Jason Li , Boris Ginsburg

Generative modeling has recently achieved remarkable success across text, image, and audio domains, demonstrating powerful capabilities for unified representation learning. However, audio generation models still face challenges in terms of…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Chengwei Liu , Haoyin Yan , Shaofei Xue , Xiaotao Liang , Yinghao Liu , Zheng Xue , Gang Song , Boyang Zhou

Neural audio codecs and autoencoders have emerged as versatile models for audio compression, transmission, feature-extraction, and latent-space generation. However, a key limitation is that most are trained to maximize reconstruction…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Dimitrios Bralios , Jonah Casebeer , Paris Smaragdis

Multiple Description Coding (MDC) is a promising error-resilient source coding method that is particularly suitable for dynamic networks with multiple (yet noisy and unreliable) paths. However, conventional MDC video codecs suffer from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Xinyue Hu , Wei Ye , Jiaxiang Tang , Eman Ramadan , Zhi-Li Zhang

Noise robustness remains a critical challenge for deploying neural speech codecs in real-world acoustic scenarios where background noise is often inevitable. A key observation we make is that even slight input noise perturbations can cause…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Rui-Chen Zheng , Yang Ai , Hui-Peng Du , Li-Rong Dai