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Recently, several deep learning (DL) methods for approximating high-dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) have been proposed. The interest that these methods have generated in the literature is in large part due to simulations…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Julia Ackermann , Arnulf Jentzen , Thomas Kruse , Benno Kuckuck , Joshua Lee Padgett

In recent years deep artificial neural networks (DNNs) have been successfully employed in numerical simulations for a multitude of computational problems including, for example, object and face recognition, natural language processing,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-10-12 Arnulf Jentzen , Diyora Salimova , Timo Welti

It is one of the most challenging issues in applied mathematics to approximately solve high-dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) and most of the numerical approximation methods for PDEs in the scientific literature suffer from…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-06-04 Fabian Hornung , Arnulf Jentzen , Diyora Salimova

We present a deep learning algorithm for the numerical solution of parametric families of high-dimensional linear Kolmogorov partial differential equations (PDEs). Our method is based on reformulating the numerical approximation of a whole…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Julius Berner , Markus Dablander , Philipp Grohs

Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) and the Kolmogorov partial differential equations (PDEs) associated to them have been widely used in models from engineering, finance, and the natural sciences. In particular, SDEs and Kolmogorov…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-10-05 Christian Beck , Sebastian Becker , Philipp Grohs , Nor Jaafari , Arnulf Jentzen

We explain how to use Kolmogorov Superposition Theorem (KST) to break the curse of dimensionality when approximating a dense class of multivariate continuous functions. We first show that there is a class of functions called…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-06 Ming-Jun Lai , Zhaiming Shen

The deep Kolmogorov method is a simple and popular deep learning based method for approximating solutions of partial differential equations (PDEs) of the Kolmogorov type. In this work we provide an error analysis for the deep Kolmogorov…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Iulian Cîmpean , Thang Do , Lukas Gonon , Arnulf Jentzen , Ionel Popescu

Accurate approximation of scalar-valued functions from sample points is a key task in computational science. Recently, machine learning with Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has emerged as a promising tool for scientific computing, with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Ben Adcock , Simone Brugiapaglia , Nick Dexter , Sebastian Moraga

The paper introduces a very simple and fast computation method for high-dimensional integrals to solve high-dimensional Kolmogorov partial differential equations (PDEs). The new machine learning-based method is obtained by solving a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-02-12 Riu Naito , Toshihiro Yamada

We prove that deep neural networks are capable of approximating solutions of semilinear Kolmogorov PDE in the case of gradient-independent, Lipschitz-continuous nonlinearities, while the required number of parameters in the networks grow at…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-05-31 Petru A. Cioica-Licht , Martin Hutzenthaler , P. Tobias Werner

The numerical solution of high dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) is severely constrained by the curse of dimensionality (CoD), rendering classical grid--based methods impractical beyond a few dimensions. In recent years,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-27 Wenzhong Zhang , Zheyuan Hu , Wei Cai , George EM Karniadakis

Developing efficient numerical algorithms for the solution of high dimensional random Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) has been a challenging task due to the well-known curse of dimensionality. We present a new solution framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-17 Mohammad Amin Nabian , Hadi Meidani

We develop a novel deep learning technique, termed Deep Orthogonal Decomposition (DOD), for dimensionality reduction and reduced order modeling of parameter dependent partial differential equations. The approach consists in the construction…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-05-15 Nicola Rares Franco , Andrea Manzoni , Paolo Zunino , Jan S. Hesthaven

In recent years residual neural networks (ResNets) as introduced by [He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., and Sun, J., Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (2016), 770-778] have become very popular in a large…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-11-02 Jonas Baggenstos , Diyora Salimova

Recently, it has been proposed in the literature to employ deep neural networks (DNNs) together with stochastic gradient descent methods to approximate solutions of PDEs. There are also a few results in the literature which prove that DNNs…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-06-29 Philipp Grohs , Arnulf Jentzen , Diyora Salimova

The development of new classification and regression algorithms based on empirical risk minimization (ERM) over deep neural network hypothesis classes, coined deep learning, revolutionized the area of artificial intelligence, machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Julius Berner , Philipp Grohs , Arnulf Jentzen

In this paper, we consider approximating the parameter-to-solution maps of parametric partial differential equations (PPDEs) using deep neural networks (DNNs). We propose an efficient approach combining reduced collocation methods (RCMs)…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-08-18 Guanhang Lei , Zhen Lei , Lei Shi , Chenyu Zeng

In addition to being extremely non-linear, modern problems require millions if not billions of parameters to solve or at least to get a good approximation of the solution, and neural networks are known to assimilate that complexity by…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-14 Habib Ben Abdallah , Christopher J. Henry , Sheela Ramanna

This paper develops fundamental limits of deep neural network learning by characterizing what is possible if no constraints are imposed on the learning algorithm and on the amount of training data. Concretely, we consider Kolmogorov-optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Dennis Elbrächter , Dmytro Perekrestenko , Philipp Grohs , Helmut Bölcskei

Within the framework of parameter dependent PDEs, we develop a constructive approach based on Deep Neural Networks for the efficient approximation of the parameter-to-solution map. The research is motivated by the limitations and drawbacks…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-16 Nicola R. Franco , Andrea Manzoni , Paolo Zunino
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