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Inference-time scaling through multiple sample generation in combination with Process- or Outcome-Reward Model (PRM or ORM) re-ranking has proven effective for text-based reasoning in large language models. This paper investigates whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Minghan Wang , Thuy-Trang Vu , Ehsan Shareghi , Gholamreza Haffari

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at reasoning, traditionally requiring high-quality large-scale data and extensive training. Recent works reveal a very appealing Less-Is-More phenomenon where very small, carefully curated high-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Rapheal Huang , Weilong Guo

Recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have begun to support Thinking with Images by invoking visual tools such as zooming and cropping during inference. Yet these systems remain brittle in fine-grained visual reasoning because…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zheng Jiang , Yiming Chen , Nan He , Jiahui Chen , Chaoyang Li , Houde Qian , Lifeng Sun

Large language models have achieved strong performance on medical reasoning benchmarks, yet their deployment in clinical settings demands rigorous verification to ensure factual accuracy. While reward models offer a scalable approach for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Hang Zhang , Ruheng Wang , Yuelyu Ji , Mingu Kwak , Xizhi Wu , Chenyu Li , Li Zhang , Wenqi Shi , Yifan Peng , Yanshan Wang

In real-world applications, observations are often constrained to a small fraction of a system. Such spatial subsampling can be caused by the inaccessibility or the sheer size of the system, and cannot be overcome by longer sampling.…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2017-06-02 Anna Levina , Viola Priesemann

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer promising capabilities for tackling complex reasoning tasks, including optimization problems. However, existing methods either rely on prompt engineering, which leads to poor generalization across problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Dong Li , Xujiang Zhao , Linlin Yu , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Zhengzhang Chen , Zhong Chen , Feng Chen , Chen Zhao , Haifeng Chen

Traditional ML models utilize controlled approximations during high loads, employing faster, but less accurate models in a process called accuracy scaling. However, this method is less effective for generative text-to-image models due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Shubham Agarwal , Saud Iqbal , Subrata Mitra

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly powering Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) systems, enabling non-expert users to query industrial databases using natural language. While test-time scaling strategies have shown promise in LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jiajing Guo , Kenil Patel , Jorge Piazentin Ono , Wenbin He , Liu Ren

Test-time scaling (TTS) has recently emerged as a promising direction to exploit the hidden reasoning capabilities of pre-trained large language models (LLMs). However, existing scaling methods narrowly focus on the compute-optimal…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Youpeng Zhao , Jinpeng LV , Di Wu , Jun Wang , Christopher Gooley

Trustworthy machine learning is of primary importance to the practical deployment of deep learning models. While state-of-the-art models achieve astonishingly good performance in terms of accuracy, recent literature reveals that their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Ailin Deng , Shen Li , Miao Xiong , Zhirui Chen , Bryan Hooi

Test-time compute scaling is a primary axis for improving LLM reasoning. Existing methods primarily scale depth by extending a single reasoning trace. Scaling breadth by sampling multiple candidates in parallel is straightforward, but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Shang Zhou , Wenhao Chai , Kaiyuan Liu , Huanzhi Mao , Qiuyang Mang , Jingbo Shang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable capabilities in many complex tasks including mathematical reasoning. However, traditional approaches heavily rely on ensuring self-consistency within single prompting method, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Gisang Lee , Sangwoo Park , Junyoung Park , Andrew Chung , Sieun Park , Yoonah Park , Byungju Kim , Min-gyu Cho

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to complex tasks that require extended reasoning. In such settings, models often benefit from diverse chains-of-thought to arrive at multiple candidate solutions. This requires two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Xueyan Li , Guinan Su , Mrinmaya Sachan , Jonas Geiping

Bayesian computational algorithms tend to scale poorly as data size increases. This has motivated divide-and-conquer-based approaches for scalable inference. These divide the data into subsets, perform inference for each subset in parallel,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-22 Rihui Ou , Lachlan Astfalck , Deborshee Sen , David Dunson

As language model (LM) outputs get more and more natural, it is becoming more difficult than ever to evaluate their quality. Simultaneously, increasing LMs' "thinking" time through scaling test-time compute has proven an effective technique…

Discovering valuable insights from data through meaningful associations is a crucial task. However, it becomes challenging when trying to identify representative patterns in quantitative databases, especially with large datasets, as…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Lamine Diop , Marc Plantevit

Understanding how language model performance varies with scale is critical to benchmark and algorithm development. Scaling laws are one approach to building this understanding, but the requirement of training models across many different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Yangjun Ruan , Chris J. Maddison , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Automated assessment of open-ended student responses is a critical capability for scaling personalized feedback in education. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in grading tasks via in-context learning (ICL), their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yucheng Chu , Hang Li , Kaiqi Yang , Yasemin Copur-Gencturk , Kevin Haudek , Joseph Krajcik , Jiliang Tang

Classification in the dissimilarity space has become a very active research area since it provides a possibility to learn from data given in the form of pairwise non-metric dissimilarities, which otherwise would be difficult to cope with.…

Recent works have demonstrated that incorporating search during inference can significantly improve reasoning capabilities of language agents. Some approaches may make use of the ground truth or rely on model's own generated feedback. The…