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A periodic temporal graph, in its simplest form, is a graph in which every edge appears exactly once in the first $\Delta$ time steps, and then it reappears recurrently every $\Delta$ time steps, where $\Delta$ is a given period length.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-22 George B. Mertzios , Hendrik Molter , Nils Morawietz , Paul G. Spirakis

Graph spanners are sparse subgraphs that faithfully preserve the distances in the original graph up to small stretch. Spanner have been studied extensively as they have a wide range of applications ranging from distance oracles, labeling…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-05-16 Merav Parter , Eylon Yogev

A \emph{random temporal graph} is an Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi random graph $G(n,p)$, together with a random ordering of its edges. A path in the graph is called \emph{increasing} if the edges on the path appear in increasing order. A set $S$ of…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-09-17 Caelan Atamanchuk , Luc Devroye , Gabor Lugosi

We consider random simple temporal graphs in which every edge of the complete graph $K_n$ appears once within the time interval [0,1] independently and uniformly at random. Our main result is a sharp threshold on the size of any maximum…

We study the design of small cost temporally connected graphs, under various constraints. We mainly consider undirected graphs of $n$ vertices, where each edge has an associated set of discrete availability instances (labels). A journey…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-07-07 Eleni C. Akrida , Leszek Gasieniec , George B. Mertzios , Paul G. Spirakis

Temporal graphs are graphs with time-stamped edges. We study the problem of finding a small vertex set (the separator) with respect to two designated terminal vertices such that the removal of the set eliminates all temporal paths…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Philipp Zschoche , Till Fluschnik , Hendrik Molter , Rolf Niedermeier

We investigate the computational complexity of finding temporally disjoint paths or walks in temporal graphs. There, the edge set changes over discrete time steps and a temporal path (resp. walk) uses edges that appear at monotonically…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Nina Klobas , George B. Mertzios , Hendrik Molter , Rolf Niedermeier , Philipp Zschoche

While a natural fit for modeling and understanding mobile networks, time-varying graphs remain poorly understood. Indeed, many of the usual concepts of static graphs have no obvious counterpart in time-varying ones. In this paper, we…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2012-08-01 John Whitbeck , Marcelo Dias de Amorim , Vania Conan , Jean-Loup Guillaume

Temporal networks are a class of time-varying networks, which change their topology according to a given time-ordered sequence of static networks (known as subsystems). This paper investigates the reachability and controllability of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Yuan Zhang , Yuanqing Xia , Long Wang

In a temporal graph, each edge is available at specific points in time. Such an availability point is often represented by a ''temporal edge'' that can be traversed from its tail only at a specific departure time, for arriving in its head…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Filippo Brunelli , Laurent Viennot

In the study of temporal graphs, only paths respecting the flow of time are relevant. In this context, many concepts of walks disjointness were proposed over the years, and the validity of Menger's Theorem, as well as the complexity of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Allen Ibiapina , Ana Silva

Modern, inherently dynamic systems are usually characterized by a network structure, i.e. an underlying graph topology, which is subject to discrete changes over time. Given a static underlying graph $G$, a temporal graph can be represented…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Eleni C. Akrida , George B. Mertzios , Paul G. Spirakis , Viktor Zamaraev

In this paper we study two natural models of \textit{random temporal} graphs. In the first, the \textit{continuous} model, each edge $e$ is assigned $l_e$ labels, each drawn uniformly at random from $(0,1]$, where the numbers $l_e$ are…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Henry Austin , George B. Mertzios , Paul G. Spirakis

In this paper, we study a dynamic analogue of the Path Cover problem, which can be solved in polynomial-time in directed acyclic graphs. A temporal digraph has an arc set that changes over discrete time-steps, if the underlying digraph (the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Dibyayan Chakraborty , Antoine Dailly , Florent Foucaud , Ralf Klasing

Reachability questions are one of the most fundamental algorithmic primitives in temporal graphs -- graphs whose edge set changes over discrete time steps. A core problem here is the NP-hard Short Restless Temporal Path: given a temporal…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Philipp Zschoche

A temporal graph is a graph for which the edge set can change from one time step to the next. This paper considers undirected temporal graphs defined over L time steps and connected at each time step. We study the Shortest Temporal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-10 Stefan Balev , Éric Sanlaville , Antoine Toullalan

A temporal graph is a dynamic graph where every edge is assigned a set of integer time labels that indicate at which discrete time step the edge is available. In this paper, we study how changes of the time labels, corresponding to delays…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Argyrios Deligkas , Igor Potapov

In a temporal graph the edge set dynamically changes over time according to a set of time-labels associated with each edge that indicates at which time-steps the edge is available. Two vertices are connected if there is a path connecting…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Daniele Carnevale , Gianlorenzo D'Angelo , Martin Olsen

Temporal graphs represent interactions between entities over the time. These interactions may be direct (a contact between two nodes at some time instant), or indirect, through sequences of contacts called temporal paths (journeys).…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-04-01 Luiz F. Afra Brito , Marcelo Albertini , Arnaud Casteigts , Bruno A. N. Travençolo

Given an undirected graph $G$, the problem of deciding whether $G$ admits a simple and proper time-labeling that makes it temporally connected is known to be NP-hard (G\"obel et al., 1991). In this article, we relax this problem and ask…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Arnaud Casteigts , Michelle Döring , Nils Morawietz