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In the past decade, deep learning became the prevalent methodology for predictive modeling thanks to the remarkable accuracy of deep neural networks in tasks such as computer vision and natural language processing. Meanwhile, the structure…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Joey Huchette , Gonzalo Muñoz , Thiago Serra , Calvin Tsay

A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) defines a family of artificial neural networks often used in TS modeling and forecasting. Because of its "black box" aspect, many researchers refuse to use it. Moreover, the optimization (often based on the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-06-16 Cyril Voyant , Wani W. Tamas , Christophe Paoli , Aurélia Balu , Marc Muselli , Marie Laure Nivet , Gilles Notton

Deep neural networks with rectified linear units (ReLU) are getting more and more popular due to their universal representation power and successful applications. Some theoretical progress regarding the approximation power of deep ReLU…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-02-28 Bo Li , Shanshan Tang , Haijun Yu

Deep learning-based bilateral grid processing has emerged as a promising solution for image enhancement, inherently encoding spatial and intensity information while enabling efficient full-resolution processing through slicing operations.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Junyu Lou , Xiaorui Zhao , Kexuan Shi , Shuhang Gu

The dominant paradigm in modern neural networks relies on simple, monotonically-increasing activation functions like ReLU. While effective, this paradigm necessitates large, massively-parameterized models to approximate complex functions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Shiko Kudo

This paper explores the complexity of deep feedforward networks with linear pre-synaptic couplings and rectified linear activations. This is a contribution to the growing body of work contrasting the representational power of deep and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-02-17 Razvan Pascanu , Guido Montufar , Yoshua Bengio

We study how neural networks trained by gradient descent extrapolate, i.e., what they learn outside the support of the training distribution. Previous works report mixed empirical results when extrapolating with neural networks: while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Keyulu Xu , Mozhi Zhang , Jingling Li , Simon S. Du , Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi , Stefanie Jegelka

We provide several new depth-based separation results for feed-forward neural networks, proving that various types of simple and natural functions can be better approximated using deeper networks than shallower ones, even if the shallower…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Itay Safran , Ohad Shamir

Previous work has demonstrated that attention mechanisms are Turing complete. More recently, it has been shown that a looped 9-layer Transformer can function as a universal programmable computer. In contrast, the multi-layer perceptrons…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yingyu Liang , Zhizhou Sha , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Yufa Zhou

In this paper, we study a natural extension of Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP) to functional inputs. We show that fundamental results for classical MLP can be extended to functional MLP. We obtain universal approximation results that show the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2007-09-25 Fabrice Rossi , Brieuc Conan-Guez

We propose an approach based on quadratic approximations for solving general Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problems. Specifically, our approach entails the global approximation of the epigraphs of constraint functions by means…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-24 Adrian Göß , Robert Burlacu , Alexander Martin

In this paper we investigate the family of functions representable by deep neural networks (DNN) with rectified linear units (ReLU). We give an algorithm to train a ReLU DNN with one hidden layer to *global optimality* with runtime…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-01 Raman Arora , Amitabh Basu , Poorya Mianjy , Anirbit Mukherjee

Soft demodulation, or demapping, of received symbols back into their conveyed soft bits, or bit log-likelihood ratios (LLRs), is at the very heart of any modern receiver. In this paper, a trainable universal neural network-based demodulator…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-23 Ori Shental , Jakob Hoydis

Gated Linear Units (GLUs) have become a common building block in modern foundation models. Bilinear layers drop the non-linearity in the "gate" but still have comparable performance to other GLUs. An attractive quality of bilinear layers is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Michael T. Pearce , Thomas Dooms , Alice Rigg

Stacking non-linear layers allows deep neural networks to model complicated functions, and including residual connections in Transformer layers is beneficial for convergence and performance. However, residual connections may make the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Hongfei Xu , Yang Song , Qiuhui Liu , Josef van Genabith , Deyi Xiong

In this study, we present a new approach to design a Least Mean Squares (LMS) predictor. This approach exploits the concept of deep neural networks and their supremacy in terms of performance and accuracy. The new LMS predictor is…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-05-14 Lubna Shibly Mokatren , Ahmet Enis Cetin , Rashid Ansari

This paper studies the approximation capabilities of neural networks that combine layer normalization (LN) with linear layers. We prove that networks consisting of two linear layers with parallel layer normalizations (PLNs) inserted between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yunhao Ni , Yuxin Guo , Yuhe Liu , Wenxin Sun , Jie Luo , Wenjun Wu , Lei Huang

There has been a large amount of interest, both in the past and particularly recently, into the power of different families of universal approximators, e.g. ReLU networks, polynomials, rational functions. However, current research has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-30 Frederic Koehler , Andrej Risteski

Embedding layers in transformer-based NLP models typically account for the largest share of model parameters, scaling with vocabulary size but not yielding performance gains proportional to scale. We propose an alternative approach in which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Henry Ndubuaku , Mouad Talhi

We show the existence of a deep neural network capable of approximating a wide class of high-dimensional approximations. The construction of the proposed neural network is based on a quasi-optimal polynomial approximation. We show that this…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-12-09 Joseph Daws , Clayton Webster