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Addressing the mismatch between natural language descriptions and the corresponding SQL queries is a key challenge for text-to-SQL translation. To bridge this gap, we propose an SQL intermediate representation (IR) called Natural SQL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Yujian Gan , Xinyun Chen , Jinxia Xie , Matthew Purver , John R. Woodward , John Drake , Qiaofu Zhang

Modern Text-to-SQL systems generate multiple candidate SQL queries and rank them to judge a final prediction. However, existing methods face two limitations. First, they often score functionally equivalent SQL queries inconsistently despite…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Hojae Han , Yeonseok Jeong , Seung-won Hwang , Zhewei Yao , Yuxiong He

Transforming natural language into SQL queries (NL2SQL) is crucial for data-driven business applications. Existing frameworks, trained on open-source datasets, struggle with complex business logic and lack domain-specific data for…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Song Cheng , Qiannan Cheng , Linbo Jin , Lei Yi , Guannan Zhang

Recent advances in Text-to-SQL have achieved strong results in static, single-turn tasks, where models generate SQL queries from natural language questions. However, these systems fall short in real-world interactive scenarios, where user…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Linzhuang Sun , Tianyu Guo , Hao Liang , Yuying Li , Qifeng Cai , Jingxuan Wei , Bihui Yu , Wentao Zhang , Bin Cui

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved the performance of text-to-SQL systems. Nevertheless, many state-of-the-art (SOTA) approaches have overlooked the critical aspect of system robustness. Our experiments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Geling Liu , Yunzhi Tan , Ruichao Zhong , Yuanzhen Xie , Lingchen Zhao , Qian Wang , Bo Hu , Zang Li

Translating natural language queries into SQLs in a seq2seq manner has attracted much attention recently. However, compared with abstract-syntactic-tree-based SQL generation, seq2seq semantic parsers face much more challenges, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yuntao Li , Zhenpeng Su , Yutian Li , Hanchu Zhang , Sirui Wang , Wei Wu , Yan Zhang

Text-to-SQL enables non-expert users to query databases in natural language, yet real-world schemas often suffer from ambiguous, abbreviated, or inconsistent naming conventions that degrade model accuracy. Existing approaches treat schemas…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Jiaqian Wang , Yutao Qi , Wenjin Hou , Yu Pang , Rui Yang

Text-to-SQL ensembles improve over single-candidate generation by drawing multiple SQL candidates and selecting one, but their effectiveness is bounded by Pass@K, the probability that at least one of K candidates is correct. Existing…

There is currently a significant gap between the performance of fine-tuned models and prompting approaches using Large Language Models (LLMs) on the challenging task of text-to-SQL, as evaluated on datasets such as Spider. To improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Mohammadreza Pourreza , Davood Rafiei

Text-to-SQL, the process of translating natural language into Structured Query Language (SQL), represents a transformative application of large language models (LLMs), potentially revolutionizing how humans interact with data. This paper…

Translating natural language to SQL (Text-to-SQL) is a critical challenge in both database research and data analytics applications. Recent efforts have focused on enhancing SQL reasoning by developing large language models and AI agents…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Yuxuan Zhu , Tengjun Jin , Yoojin Choi , Daniel Kang

Robust text-to-SQL over complex, real-world databases remains brittle even with modern LLMs: iterative refinement often introduces syntactic and semantic drift, corrections tend to be non-transferable across queries, and naive use of large…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Isabelle Mohr , Joao Gandarela , John Dujany , Andre Freitas

Natural Language Interfaces for Databases empower non-technical users to interact with data using natural language (NL). Advanced approaches, utilizing either neural sequence-to-sequence or more recent sophisticated large-scale language…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yuankai Fan , Tonghui Ren , Can Huang , Zhenying He , X. Sean Wang

The data-centric paradigm has emerged as a pivotal direction in artificial intelligence (AI), emphasizing the role of high-quality training data. This shift is especially critical in the Text-to-SQL task, where the scarcity, limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Qifeng Cai , Hao Liang , Chang Xu , Tao Xie , Wentao Zhang , Bin Cui

Natural language to SQL translation (Text-to-SQL) is one of the long-standing problems that has recently benefited from advances in Large Language Models (LLMs). While most academic Text-to-SQL benchmarks request schema description as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Rajpreet Singh , Novak Boškov , Lawrence Drabeck , Aditya Gudal , Manzoor A. Khan

Text-to-SQL is a task to generate SQL queries from human utterances. However, due to the variation of natural language, two semantically equivalent utterances may appear differently in the lexical level. Likewise, user preferences (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Pingchuan Ma , Shuai Wang

Recently, there has been increasing interest in synthesizing data to improve downstream text-to-SQL tasks. In this paper, we first examined the existing synthesized datasets and discovered that state-of-the-art text-to-SQL algorithms did…

We introduce the THOR (Transformer Heuristics for On-Demand Retrieval) Module, designed and implemented by eSapiens, a secure, scalable engine that transforms natural-language questions into verified, read-only SQL analytics for enterprise…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Isaac Shi , Zeyuan Li , Fan Liu , Wenli Wang , Lewei He , Yang Yang , Tianyu Shi

Translating natural language questions into SQL queries, known as text-to-SQL, is a long-standing research problem. Effective text-to-SQL synthesis can become very challenging due to (i) the extensive size of database catalogs (descriptions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Shayan Talaei , Mohammadreza Pourreza , Yu-Chen Chang , Azalia Mirhoseini , Amin Saberi

Generating step-by-step "chain-of-thought" rationales has proven effective for improving the performance of large language models on complex reasoning tasks. However, applying such techniques to structured tasks, such as text-to-SQL,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Mingqian He , Yongliang Shen , Wenqi Zhang , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang , Weiming Lu