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Popular adoption of third-party libraries for contemporary software development has led to the creation of large inter-dependency networks, where sustainability issues of a single library can have widespread network effects. Maintainers of…

Self-evolving skill libraries face a silent failure mode we term \emph{library drift}: unbounded skill accumulation without outcome-driven lifecycle management causes retrieval degradation, false-positive injections, and performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Xing Zhang , Yanwei Cui , Guanghui Wang , Ziyuan Li , Wei Qiu , Bing Zhu , Peiyang He

An increase in diverse technology stacks and third-party library usage has led developers to inevitably switch technologies. To assist these developers, maintainers have started to release their libraries to multiple technologies, i.e., a…

With the rise of the library ecosystem (such as NPM for JavaScript and PyPI for Python), a developer has access to a multitude of library packages that they can adopt as dependencies into their application.Prior work has found that these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Supatsara Wattanakriengkrai , Christoph Treude , Raula Gaikovina Kula

Maven Central is a large popular repository of Java components that has evolved over the last 20 years. The distribution of dependencies indicates that the repository is dominated by a relatively small number of components other components…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Nkiru Ede , Jens Dietrich , Ulrich Zülicke

Third-party library reuse has become common practice in contemporary software development, as it includes several benefits for developers. Library dependencies are constantly evolving, with newly added features and patches that fix bugs in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-09-15 Raula Gaikovina Kula , Daniel M. German , Ali Ouni , Takashi Ishio , Katsuro Inoue

Despite the vast literature on the diffusion of innovations that impacts a broad range of disciplines, our understanding of the abandonment of innovations remains limited yet is essential for a deeper understanding of the innovation…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-12-11 Binglu Wang , Ching Jin , Chaoming Song , Johannes Bjelland , Brian Uzzi , Dashun Wang

The Maven Central ecosystem forms the backbone of Java dependency management, hosting artifacts that vary significantly in their adoption, security, and ecosystem roles. Artifact reuse is fundamental in software development, with ecosystems…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Mehedi Hasan Shanto , Muhammad Asaduzzaman , Manishankar Mondal , Shaiful Chowdhury

Build automation tools and package managers have a profound influence on software development. They facilitate the reuse of third-party libraries, support a clear separation between the application's code and its external dependencies, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-08 César Soto-Valero , Nicolas Harrand , Martin Monperrus , Benoit Baudry

Regular dependency updates protect dependent software components from upstream bugs, security vulnerabilities, and poor code quality. Measures of dependency updates across software ecosystems involve two key dimensions: the time span during…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Baltasar Berretta , Augustus Thomas , Heather Guarnera

Software sustainability is a key multifaceted non-functional requirement that encompasses environmental, social, and economic concerns, yet its integration into the development of Machine Learning (ML)-enabled systems remains an open…

Software ecosystems can be viewed as socio-technical networks consisting of technical components (software packages) and social components (communities of developers) that maintain the technical components. Ecosystems evolve over time…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-10-16 Eleni Constantinou , Tom Mens

Open-source software (OSS) is a pillar of modern software development. Its success depends on the dedication of maintainers who work constantly to keep their libraries stable, adapt to changing needs, and support a growing community. Yet,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Rachna Raj , Diego Elias Costa

We study the evolution and impact of bloated dependencies in a single software ecosystem: Java/Maven. Bloated dependencies are third-party libraries that are packaged in the application binary but are not needed to run the application. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-01 César Soto-Valero , Thomas Durieux , Benoit Baudry

In finance, leverage is the ratio between assets borrowed from others and one's own assets. A matching situation is present in software: by using free open-source software (FOSS) libraries a developer leverages on other people's code to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Fabio Massacci , Ivan Pashchenko

Library reuse is a widely adopted practice in software development, however, re-used libraries are not always up-to-date, thus including unnecessary bugs or vulnerabilities. Brutely upgrading libraries to the latest versions is not feasible…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Rui Lu

Context: Open-source ecosystems rely on sustained package maintenance. When maintenance slows or stops, Technical Lag (TL), the gap between installed and latest dependency versions accumulates, creating security and sustainability risks.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Shane K. Panter , Nasir U. Eisty

Maven artifacts are immutable: an artifact that is uploaded on Maven Central cannot be removed nor modified. The only way for developers to upgrade their library is to release a new version. Consequently, Maven Central accumulates all the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-28 César Soto-Valero , Amine Benelallam , Nicolas Harrand , Olivier Barais , Benoit Baudry

This systematic literature review examines the critical challenges and solutions related to scalability and maintainability in Machine Learning (ML) systems. As ML applications become increasingly complex and widespread across industries,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Karthik Shivashankar , Ghadi S. Al Hajj , Antonio Martini

The Log4j-Core vulnerability, known as Log4Shell, exposed significant challenges to dependency management in software ecosystems. When a critical vulnerability is disclosed, it is imperative that dependent packages quickly adopt patched…