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We propose polar encoding, a representation of categorical and numerical $[0,1]$-valued attributes with missing values to be used in a classification context. We argue that this is a good baseline approach, because it can be used with any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Oliver Urs Lenz , Daniel Peralta , Chris Cornelis

RWKV is a modern RNN architecture with comparable performance to Transformer, but still faces challenges when deployed to resource-constrained devices. Post Training Quantization (PTQ), which is a an essential technique to reduce model size…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Chen Xu , Yuxuan Yue , Zukang Xu , Xing Hu , Jiangyong Yu , Zhixuan Chen , Sifan Zhou , Zhihang Yuan , Dawei Yang

In digital baseband processing, the forward error correction (FEC) unit belongs to the most demanding components in terms of computational complexity and power consumption. Hence, efficient implementation of FEC decoders is crucial for next…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Claus Kestel , Lucas Johannsen , Norbert Wehn

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in NLP, but their demands hinder their widespread deployment. While Quantization-Aware Training (QAT) offers a solution, its extensive training costs make Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) a more practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Jing Liu , Ruihao Gong , Xiuying Wei , Zhiwei Dong , Jianfei Cai , Bohan Zhuang

In this paper, we address post-training quantization (PTQ) for large language models (LLMs) from an overlooked perspective: given a pre-trained high-precision LLM, the predominant sequential quantization framework treats different layers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Shigeng Wang , Chao Li , Yangyuxuan Kang , Jiawei Fan , Zhonghong Ou , Anbang Yao

Many computational factors limit broader deployment of large language models. In this paper, we focus on a memory bottleneck imposed by the key-value (KV) cache, a computational shortcut that requires storing previous KV pairs during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Harry Dong , Xinyu Yang , Zhenyu Zhang , Zhangyang Wang , Yuejie Chi , Beidi Chen

As the field of Large Language Models (LLMs) continues to evolve, the context length in inference is steadily growing. Key-Value Cache (KVCache), the intermediate representations of tokens within LLM inference, has now become the primary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Hailin Zhang , Xiaodong Ji , Yilin Chen , Fangcheng Fu , Xupeng Miao , Xiaonan Nie , Weipeng Chen , Bin Cui

Polar codes provably achieve the capacity of a wide array of channels under successive decoding. This assumes infinite precision arithmetic. Given the successive nature of the decoding algorithm, one might worry about the sensitivity of the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2012-09-21 S. Hamed Hassani , Rudiger Urbanke

We propose a new assumption in outlier detection: Normal data instances are commonly located in the area that there is hardly any fluctuation on data density, while outliers are often appeared in the area that there is violent fluctuation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Ding Liu , Hui Li

Orthogonal feature decorrelation is effective for low-bit online vector quantization, but dense random orthogonal transforms incur prohibitive $O(d^2)$ storage and compute. RotorQuant reduces this cost with blockwise $3$D Clifford rotors,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Zhongping Ji

KV cache quantization can improve Large Language Models (LLMs) inference throughput and latency in long contexts and large batch-size scenarios while preserving LLMs effectiveness. However, current methods have three unsolved issues:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Xing Li , Zeyu Xing , Yiming Li , Linping Qu , Hui-Ling Zhen , Wulong Liu , Yiwu Yao , Sinno Jialin Pan , Mingxuan Yuan

Existing deep quantization methods provided an efficient solution for large-scale image retrieval. However, the significant intra-class variations like pose, illumination, and expressions in face images, still pose a challenge for face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Ming Zhang , Xuefei Zhe , Hong Yan

Clustering and outlier detection are two important tasks in data mining. Outliers frequently interfere with clustering algorithms to determine the similarity between objects, resulting in unreliable clustering results. Currently, only a few…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Qi Li , Shuliang Wang

Principal component analysis (PCA) is an important tool in exploring data. The conventional approach to PCA leads to a solution which favours the structures with large variances. This is sensitive to outliers and could obfuscate interesting…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-06-16 A. A. Akinduko , A. N. Gorban

KV cache stores key and value states from previous tokens to avoid re-computation, yet it demands substantial storage space, especially for long sequences. Adaptive KV cache compression seeks to discern the saliency of tokens, preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Yefei He , Luoming Zhang , Weijia Wu , Jing Liu , Hong Zhou , Bohan Zhuang

Parameter quantization for Large Language Models (LLMs) has attracted increasing attentions recently in reducing memory costs and improving computational efficiency. Early approaches have been widely adopted. However, the existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Haoyu Wang , Bei Liu , Hang Shao , Bo Xiao , Ke Zeng , Guanglu Wan , Yanmin Qian

Polar codes are a new class of capacity-achieving error-correcting codes with low encoding and decoding complexity. Their low-complexity decoding algorithms rendering them attractive for use in software-defined radio applications where…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-07-12 Pascal Giard , Gabi Sarkis , Camille Leroux , Claude Thibeault , Warren J. Gross

The Key-Value (KV) cache is a crucial component in serving transformer-based autoregressive large language models (LLMs), enabling faster inference by storing previously computed KV vectors. However, its memory consumption scales linearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Rongzhi Zhang , Kuang Wang , Liyuan Liu , Shuohang Wang , Hao Cheng , Chao Zhang , Yelong Shen

Large language models (LLMs) rely on key-value cache (KV cache) to accelerate decoding by reducing redundant computations. However, the KV cache memory usage grows substantially with longer text sequences, posing challenges for efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yixuan Wang , Shiyu Ji , Yijun Liu , Yuzhuang Xu , Yang Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Low-bit quantization is a practical route for efficiently deploying vision Transformers, yet activation outliers complicate fully quantized deployment. Existing methods either handle quantization post-training or suppress large activations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jin Tong , Guang Liang , Peilin Sun , Jianxin Wu
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