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The increasing reliance on complex algorithmic systems by online platforms has sparked a growing need for algorithm auditing, a methodology evaluating these systems' functionality and impact. In this paper, we systematically review 176…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Aleksandra Urman , Mykola Makhortykh , Aniko Hannak

An increasing number of regulations propose AI audits as a mechanism for achieving transparency and accountability for artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Despite some converging norms around various forms of AI auditing, auditing for the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Khoa Lam , Benjamin Lange , Borhane Blili-Hamelin , Jovana Davidovic , Shea Brown , Ali Hasan

While most of the existing literature focused on human-machine interactions with algorithmic systems in advisory roles, research on human behavior in monitoring or verification processes that are conducted by automated systems remains…

General Economics · Economics 2025-07-22 Marius Protte , Behnud Mir Djawadi

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology epitomizes the complex challenges posed by human-made artifacts, particularly those widely integrated into society and exerting significant influence, highlighting potential benefits and their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Michael Papademas , Xenia Ziouvelou , Antonis Troumpoukis , Vangelis Karkaletsis

Auditors need robust methods to assess the compliance of web platforms with the law. However, since they hardly ever have access to the algorithm, implementation, or training data used by a platform, the problem is harder than a simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Augustin Godinot , Gilles Tredan , Erwan Le Merrer , Camilla Penzo , Francois Taïani

Artificial intelligence systems, especially those using machine learning, are being deployed in domains from hiring to loan issuance in order to automate these complex decisions. Judging both the effectiveness and fairness of these AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Disa Sariola , Patrick Button , Aron Culotta , Nicholas Mattei

We argue that the phenomena of distributed responsibility, induced acceptance, and acceptance through ignorance constitute instances of imperfect delegation when tasks are delegated to computationally-driven systems. Imperfect delegation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Michele Loi , Matthias Spielkamp

With the European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act taking effect on 1 August 2024, high-risk AI applications must adhere to stringent transparency and fairness standards. This paper addresses a crucial question: how can we scientifically…

Applications · Statistics 2024-09-09 Shiqi Fang , Zexun Chen , Jake Ansell

Frontier AI companies increasingly rely on external evaluations to assess risks from dangerous capabilities before deployment. However, external evaluators often receive limited model access, limited information, and little time, which can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jacob Charnock , Alejandro Tlaie , Kyle O'Brien , Stephen Casper , Aidan Homewood

Recent years have seen growing interest among both researchers and practitioners in user-engaged approaches to algorithm auditing, which directly engage users in detecting problematic behaviors in algorithmic systems. However, we know…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Wesley Hanwen Deng , Bill Boyuan Guo , Alicia DeVrio , Hong Shen , Motahhare Eslami , Kenneth Holstein

The widespread use of generative AI systems is coupled with significant ethical and social challenges. As a result, policymakers, academic researchers, and social advocacy groups have all called for such systems to be audited. However,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Jakob Mokander , Justin Curl , Mihir Kshirsagar

Privacy auditing provides empirical lower bounds on the differential privacy parameters of learning algorithms. Existing methods, however, require interventional access to the training pipeline, either to retrain multiple times or to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Tudor Cebere , Mathieu Even , Linus Bleistein , Aurélien Bellet

Decisions impacting human lives are increasingly being made or assisted by automated decision-making algorithms. Many of these algorithms process personal data for predicting recidivism, credit risk analysis, identifying individuals using…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Furkan Gursoy , Ioannis A. Kakadiaris

In recent years, discussions about fairness in machine learning, AI ethics and algorithm audits have increased. Many entities have developed framework guidance to establish a baseline rubric for fairness and accountability. However, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Cherie M Poland

Although essential to revealing biased performance, well intentioned attempts at algorithmic auditing can have effects that may harm the very populations these measures are meant to protect. This concern is even more salient while auditing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Inioluwa Deborah Raji , Timnit Gebru , Margaret Mitchell , Joy Buolamwini , Joonseok Lee , Emily Denton

Audits contribute to the trustworthiness of Learning Analytics (LA) systems that integrate Artificial Intelligence (AI) and may be legally required in the future. We argue that the efficacy of an audit depends on the auditability of the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Linda Fernsel , Yannick Kalff , Katharina Simbeck

Differential Privacy can provide provable privacy guarantees for training data in machine learning. However, the presence of proofs does not preclude the presence of errors. Inspired by recent advances in auditing which have been used for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Florian Tramer , Andreas Terzis , Thomas Steinke , Shuang Song , Matthew Jagielski , Nicholas Carlini

In this work, we introduce a novel metric for auditing group fairness in ranked lists. Our approach offers two benefits compared to the state of the art. First, we offer a blueprint for modeling of user attention. Rather than assuming a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-05-14 Piotr Sapiezynski , Wesley Zeng , Ronald E. Robertson , Alan Mislove , Christo Wilson

Algorithms of online platforms are required under the Digital Services Act (DSA) to comply with specific obligations concerning algorithmic transparency, user protection and privacy. To verify compliance with these requirements, DSA…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sara Solarova , Matúš Mesarčík , Branislav Pecher , Ivan Srba

A surge in data-driven applications enhances everyday life but also raises serious concerns about private information leakage. Hence many privacy auditing tools are emerging for checking if the data sanitization performed meets the privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Shiming Wang , Liyao Xiang , Bowei Cheng , Zhe Ji , Tianran Sun , Xinbing Wang