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With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), a large number of machine learning models have been developed to assist programming tasks including the generation of program code from natural language input. However, how to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Debalina Ghosh Paul , Hong Zhu , Ian Bayley

Large Language Models (LLMs) are used for Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code generation, but they face two main challenges: functional correctness and Power, Performance, and Area (PPA) optimization. Iterative, feedback-based methods…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Kyungjun Min , Kyumin Cho , Junhwan Jang , Seokhyeong Kang

Hardware design verification (DV) is a process that checks the functional equivalence of a hardware design against its specifications, improving hardware reliability and robustness. A key task in the DV process is the test stimuli…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Zixi Zhang , Balint Szekely , Pedro Gimenes , Greg Chadwick , Hugo McNally , Jianyi Cheng , Robert Mullins , Yiren Zhao

Thinking Large Language Models (LLMs) generate explicit intermediate reasoning traces before final answers, potentially improving transparency, interpretability, and solution accuracy for code generation. However, the quality of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Haoran Xue , Gias Uddin , Song Wang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have significantly advanced the integration of visual and textual understanding. However, their ability to generate code from multimodal inputs remains limited. In this work, we introduce VisCodex, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Lingjie Jiang , Shaohan Huang , Xun Wu , Yixia Li , Dongdong Zhang , Furu Wei

Automation of Register Transfer Level (RTL) design can help developers meet increasing computational demands. Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for Hardware Description Language (HDL) generation, but face challenges due to limited…

Function-level code generation leverages foundation Large Language Models (LLMs) to automatically produce source code with expected functionality. It has been widely investigated and applied in intelligent programming assistants, such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Hao Wen , Yueheng Zhu , Chao Liu , Xiaoxue Ren , Weiwei Du , Meng Yan

Code generation refers to automatically producing executable programs from user requirements. Recently, researchers have explored approaches to enhance the correctness of generated code with advanced large language models. Although…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Jia Li , Ruiqi Bai , Yangkang Luo , Yiran Zhang , Wentao Yang , Zeyu Sun , Tiankuo Zhao , Dongming Jin , Lei Li , Zhi Jin

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for complex tasks that require multiple generation calls, advanced prompting techniques, control flow, and structured inputs/outputs. However, efficient systems are lacking for programming…

Coding with hardware description languages (HDLs) such as Verilog is a time-intensive and laborious task. With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), there is increasing interest in applying LLMs to assist with HDL coding.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Juxin Niu , Xiangfeng Liu , Dan Niu , Xi Wang , Zhe Jiang , Nan Guan

Code generation is to automatically generate source code conforming to a given programming specification, which has received extensive attention especially with the development of large language models (LLMs). Due to the inherent difficulty…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Zhao Tian , Junjie Chen , Xiangyu Zhang

The burgeoning field of generative artificial intelligence has fundamentally reshaped our approach to content creation, with Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) standing at its forefront. While current LVLMs have demonstrated impressive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Spencer Ramsey , Jeffrey Lee , Amina Grant

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in code generation. However, current evaluation datasets suffer from issues such as the lack of runnable test cases, deviation from the distribution of real-world code,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Haiyang Li

Capability ontologies are increasingly used to model functionalities of systems or machines. The creation of such ontological models with all properties and constraints of capabilities is very complex and can only be done by ontology…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Luis Miguel Vieira da Silva , Aljosha Köcher , Felix Gehlhoff , Alexander Fay

Large language models (LLMs) struggle to consistently generate UI code that compiles and produces visually relevant designs. Existing approaches to improve generation rely on expensive human feedback or distilling a proprietary model. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Jason Wu , Eldon Schoop , Alan Leung , Titus Barik , Jeffrey P. Bigham , Jeffrey Nichols

Formal verification is the next frontier for ensuring the correctness of code generated by Large Language Models (LLMs). While methods that co-generate code and formal specifications in formal languages, like Dafny, can, in principle, prove…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Lingfei Zeng , Fengdi Che , Xuhan Huang , Fei Ye , Xu Xu , Binhang Yuan , Jie Fu

Formal Property Verification (FPV), using SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA), is crucial for ensuring the completeness of design with respect to the specification. However, writing SVA is a laborious task and has a steep learning curve. In this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Mohammad Shahidzadeh , Behnam Ghavami , Steve Wilton , Lesley Shannon

Inspired by the recent success of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, researchers start to explore the adoption of LLMs for agile hardware design, such as generating design RTL based on natural-language instructions. However, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Yao Lu , Shang Liu , Qijun Zhang , Zhiyao Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionised the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and have achieved state-of-the-art performance in practically every task in this field. However, the prevalent approach used in text generation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Nicolo Micheletti , Samuel Belkadi , Lifeng Han , Goran Nenadic

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized code generation, achieving exceptional results on various established benchmarking frameworks. However, concerns about data contamination - where benchmark data inadvertently leaks into…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zeng Wang , Minghao Shao , Jitendra Bhandari , Likhitha Mankali , Ramesh Karri , Ozgur Sinanoglu , Muhammad Shafique , Johann Knechtel