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Key-value (KV) caching plays an essential role in accelerating decoding for transformer-based autoregressive large language models (LLMs). However, the amount of memory required to store the KV cache can become prohibitive at long sequence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 William Brandon , Mayank Mishra , Aniruddha Nrusimha , Rameswar Panda , Jonathan Ragan Kelly

Recently, large vision-language models (LVLMs) have rapidly gained popularity for their strong generation and reasoning capabilities given diverse multimodal inputs. However, these models incur significant computational and memory overhead…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Ao Wang , Hui Chen , Jiaxin Li , Jianchao Tan , Kefeng Zhang , Xunliang Cai , Zijia Lin , Jungong Han , Guiguang Ding

Long streaming video QA remains challenging due to growing visual tokens and limited reasoning length of large language models (LLMs). KV-caching stores the Key-Value (KV) of the historical tokens via LLM prefill and enables more efficient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Junbin Xiao , Jiajun Chen , Tianxiang Sun , Xun Yang , Angela Yao

The key-value (KV) cache accelerates LLMs decoding by storing KV tensors from previously generated tokens. It reduces redundant computation at the cost of increased memory usage. To mitigate this overhead, existing approaches compress KV…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Hao Wang , Ligong Han , Kai Xu , Akash Srivastava

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse applications. However, their computational overhead during deployment remains a critical bottleneck. While Key-Value (KV) caching effectively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Insu Han , Zeliang Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Yifan Zhu , Susan Liang , Jiani Liu , Haiting Lin , Mingjie Zhao , Chenliang Xu , Kun Wan , Wentian Zhao

Large Language Models have excelled in various domains but face efficiency challenges due to the growing Key-Value (KV) cache required for long-sequence inference. Recent efforts aim to reduce KV cache size by evicting vast non-critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yuan Feng , Junlin Lv , Yukun Cao , Xike Xie , S. Kevin Zhou

Quantization has emerged as an effective and lightweight solution to reduce the memory footprint of the KV cache in Large Language Models. Nevertheless, minimizing the accuracy degradation caused by ultra-low-bit KV cache quantization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zeyu Li , Chuanfu Xiao , Yang Wang , Xiang Liu , Zhenheng Tang , Baotong Lu , Mao Yang , Xinyu Chen , Xiaowen Chu

Large language models (LLMs) rely on Key-Value (KV) cache to reduce time-to-first-token (TTFT) latency, but existing disk-based KV cache systems using file-per-object layouts suffer from severe scalability bottlenecks due to file system…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Weiping Yu , Ye Jiarui , He Mengke , Junfeng Liu , Siqiang Luo

Autoregressive Transformers rely on Key-Value (KV) caching to accelerate inference. However, the linear growth of the KV cache with context length leads to excessive memory consumption and bandwidth constraints. This bottleneck is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ravi Ghadia , Avinash Kumar , Gaurav Jain , Prashant Nair , Poulami Das

Large language models (LLMs) utilize key-value (KV) cache to store historical information during sequence processing. The size of KV cache grows linearly as the length of the sequence extends, which seriously affects memory usage and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yijun Liu , Yixuan Wang , Yuzhuang Xu , Shiyu Ji , Yang Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Large language models have revolutionized natural language processing but face significant challenges of high storage and runtime costs, due to the transformer architecture's reliance on self-attention, particularly the large KV cache for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuan Feng , Junlin Lv , Haoyu Guo , Yukun Cao , S Kevin Zhou , Xike Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) require substantial computational resources during generation. While the Key-Value (KV) cache significantly accelerates this process by storing attention intermediates, its memory footprint grows linearly with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yi Su , Quantong Qiu , Yuechi Zhou , Juntao Li , Qingrong Xia , Ping Li , Xinyu Duan , Zhefeng Wang , Min Zhang

Recently years have witnessed a rapid development of large language models (LLMs). Despite the strong ability in many language-understanding tasks, the heavy computational burden largely restricts the application of LLMs especially when one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yuhui Xu , Lingxi Xie , Xiaotao Gu , Xin Chen , Heng Chang , Hengheng Zhang , Zhengsu Chen , Xiaopeng Zhang , Qi Tian

KV cache quantization reduces the memory cost of long-context LLM inference, but introduces approximation error that is typically validated only empirically. Existing systems rely on average-case robustness, with no mechanism to detect or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Dean Calver

Generating long sequences of tokens given a long-context input is a very compute-intensive inference scenario for large language models (LLMs). One prominent inference speed-up approach is to construct a smaller key-value (KV) cache,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Fangyuan Xu , Tanya Goyal , Eunsol Choi

Long-context Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant memory bottlenecks during inference due to the linear growth of key-value (KV) cache with sequence length. While individual optimization techniques like KV cache quantization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Sai Gokhale , Devleena Das , Rajeev Patwari , Ashish Sirasao , Elliott Delaye

Today, large language models have demonstrated their strengths in various tasks ranging from reasoning, code generation, and complex problem solving. However, this advancement comes with a high computational cost and memory requirements,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Meriem Bouzouad , Yuan-Hao Chang , Jalil Boukhobza

Processing long-context inputs with large language models presents a significant challenge due to the enormous memory requirements of the Key-Value (KV) cache during inference. Existing KV cache compression methods exhibit noticeable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Dongquan Yang , Yifan Yang , Xiaotian Yu , Xianbiao Qi , Rong Xiao

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been able to handle longer and longer contexts. However, a context that is too long may cause intolerant inference latency and GPU memory usage. Existing methods propose mixed-precision…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Wei Tao , Bin Zhang , Xiaoyang Qu , Jiguang Wan , Jianzong Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across diverse domains but remain inefficient during the autoregressive decoding phase. Unlike the prefill stage, which employs compute-bound GEMM operations, decoding…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Bowen Duan , Cong Guo , Chiyue Wei , Haoxuan Shan , Yuzhe Fu , Xinhua Chen , Yifan Xu , Ziyue Zhang , Changchun Zhou , Hai Li , Yiran Chen