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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly vulnerable to adversarial attacks that can subtly manipulate their outputs. While various defense mechanisms have been proposed, many operate as black boxes, lacking transparency in their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Shaowei Guan , Yu Zhai , Zhengyu Zhang , Yanze Wang , Hin Chi Kwok

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, where adversarially crafted prompts induce policy-violating responses despite safety alignment. Existing defenses typically improve safety through external filtering,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yulong Chen , Qi Zhang , Jiawen Zhang , Yadong Liu , Mu Li , Jie Wen , Yong Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly popular, powering a wide range of applications. Their widespread use has sparked concerns, especially through jailbreak attacks that bypass safety measures to produce harmful content. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Zhengchun Shang , Wenlan Wei , Weiheng Bai

Scaling inference compute enhances reasoning in large language models (LLMs), with long chains-of-thought (CoTs) enabling strategies like backtracking and error correction. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a crucial method for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Edward Yeo , Yuxuan Tong , Morry Niu , Graham Neubig , Xiang Yue

As deep learning advances, Large Language Models (LLMs) and their multimodal counterparts, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), have shown exceptional performance in many real-world tasks. However, MLLMs face significant security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Fenghua Weng , Yue Xu , Chengyan Fu , Wenjie Wang

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have recently extended their powerful reasoning capabilities to safety checks-using chain-of-thought reasoning to decide whether a request should be answered. While this new approach offers a promising route…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Martin Kuo , Jianyi Zhang , Aolin Ding , Qinsi Wang , Louis DiValentin , Yujia Bao , Wei Wei , Hai Li , Yiran Chen

As large language models (LLMs) are becoming more capable and widespread, the study of their failure cases is becoming increasingly important. Recent advances in standardizing, measuring, and scaling test-time compute suggest new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Mahdi Sabbaghi , Paul Kassianik , George Pappas , Yaron Singer , Amin Karbasi , Hamed Hassani

Large Language Models have shown impressive generative capabilities across diverse tasks, but their safety remains a critical concern. Existing post-training alignment methods, such as SFT and RLHF, reduce harmful outputs yet leave LLMs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zhengyue Zhao , Yingzi Ma , Somesh Jha , Marco Pavone , Patrick McDaniel , Chaowei Xiao

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) improve task performance through extended inference-time reasoning. Although previous studies suggest that longer reasoning should lead to more robust safety behavior, we find evidence to the contrary:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jianli Zhao , Tingchen Fu , Rylan Schaeffer , Mrinank Sharma , Fazl Barez

Multi-turn jailbreak attacks simulate real-world human interactions by engaging large language models (LLMs) in iterative dialogues, exposing critical safety vulnerabilities. However, existing methods often struggle to balance semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Zonghao Ying , Deyue Zhang , Zonglei Jing , Yisong Xiao , Quanchen Zou , Aishan Liu , Siyuan Liang , Xiangzheng Zhang , Xianglong Liu , Dacheng Tao

While explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) empowers large reasoning models (LRMs), it enables the generation of riskier final answers. Current alignment paradigms primarily rely on externally enforced compliance, optimizing models to detect…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yi Zhang , Yuxin Chen , Leheng Sheng , Dongcheng Zhang , Chaochao Lu , Xiang Wang , An Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMS) have increasingly become central to generating content with potential societal impacts. Notably, these models have demonstrated capabilities for generating content that could be deemed harmful. To mitigate these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Zihao Xu , Yi Liu , Gelei Deng , Yuekang Li , Stjepan Picek

The rapid evolution of cloud computing technologies and the increasing number of cloud applications have provided numerous benefits in our daily lives. However, the diversity and complexity of different components pose a significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Yuyang Zhou , Guang Cheng , Kang Du , Zihan Chen , Yuyu Zhao

Chain of Thought (CoT) prompting improves the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs) by encouraging step by step thinking. However, CoT-based methods depend on intermediate reasoning steps, which limits scalability and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Guanghao Li , Wenhao Jiang , Mingfeng Chen , Yan Li , Hao Yu , Shuting Dong , Tao Ren , Ming Tang , Chun Yuan

From generating headlines to fabricating news, the Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically assessed by their final outputs, under the safety assumption that a refusal response signifies safe reasoning throughout the entire process.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Zhao Tong , Chunlin Gong , Yiping Zhang , Haichao Shi , Qiang Liu , Xingcheng Xu , Shu Wu , Xiao-Yu Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to multi-turn jailbreaking attacks that exploit conversational context to bypass safety constraints gradually. These attacks target different harm categories through distinct conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Ragib Amin Nihal , Rui Wen , Kazuhiro Nakadai , Jun Sakuma

Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become integral to real-world applications, powering services across diverse sectors. However, their widespread deployment has exposed critical security risks, particularly through jailbreak prompts…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hanbin Hong , Shuya Feng , Nima Naderloui , Shenao Yan , Jingyu Zhang , Biying Liu , Ali Arastehfard , Heqing Huang , Yuan Hong

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that bypass their safety mechanisms. Existing attack methods are fixed or specifically tailored for certain models and cannot flexibly adjust attack strength, which is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yiting Dong , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Xiang He , Yi Zeng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed artificial intelligence by advancing natural language understanding and generation, enabling applications across fields beyond healthcare, software engineering, and conversational systems.…

In the past few years, Language Models (LMs) have shown par-human capabilities in several domains. Despite their practical applications and exceeding user consumption, they are susceptible to jailbreaks when malicious input exploits the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Charlotte Siska , Anush Sankaran